OOO/·/◯ #WƎEIVЯRƎETИNI# ◯ #ΛЯRIA#.../◯#ƧИOƧƎL#◯#GИIDAƎЯ#⊚#50#◯#Я...

◯


STNETNOC OT KCAB

GRO.AIDEPIKIW :ECNEREFER --
".STHGIN NAIBARA EHT DNA AKATAJ EHT HTOB FO SEIROTS EMARF EHT NI DNUOF ERA EFIW SIH DNA TNAHCREM EHT FO ELAT DEKNIL EHT DNA SSA EHT DNA LLUB EHT FO ELAT EHT .ESOPRUP LACIHTE NA HTIW SEIROTS LAROM TRAP TSOM EHT ROF ERA HCIHW ,SEIROTS 745 FO NOITCELLOC A SI AKATAJ EHT .SELBAF TIRKSNAS TNEICNA MORF ECNEULFNI TCELFER HCIHW ,SEIROTS LAMINA NIATREC YB DETNESERPER SI EROLKLOF NAIDNI EHT


.EFIL FO YAD REHTONA REH YUB DLUOW LEUQES EHT TUOBA YTISOIRUC S'GNIK EHT TAHT FEILEB REH NI DEIFITSUJ EB OT TUO SNRUT SESAC ESEHT LLA NI DNA—NELAG OT GNIDROCCA YMOTANA NAMUH FO NOITPIRCSED DELIATED A GNIRUD ESAC ENO NI DNA ,YHPOSOLIHP CIMALSI FO STNIOP XELPMOC RO SELPICNIRP LACIHPOSOLIHP TCARTSBA FO NOITISOPXE NA FO ELDDIM EHT NI NOITARRAN REH SPOTS EDAZAREHEHCS TXET LLUF EHT FO STRAP EMOS NI ,ELBUORT PEED FO DNIK REHTONA RO EFIL SIH GNISOL FO REGNAD NI OREH EHT HTIW FFO TUC SI YROTS A SESAC YNAM NI ELIHW .ERUTARETIL NREDOM NI NAHT REDAORB MEES REGNAHFFILC A SETUTITSNOC TAHW ROF SDRADNATS S'ROTARRAN EHT


.EFIL REH GNIRAPS DNA NODRAP A EFIW SIH GNIVIG GNIK EHT HTIW DNE LLA YEHT TUB )DETCARTSID GNIK EHT EKAM TAHT NEPPAH SGNIHT REHTO EMOS NI ,EFIW SIH ETUCEXE OT TON SEDICED DNA NERDLIHC RIEHT SEES GNIK EHT EMOS NI ,NODRAP A ROF SKSA EDAZAREHEHCS EMOS NI( SGNIDNE DELIATED YLLAUDIVIDNI TNEREFFID EVAH SNOISREV TNEREFFID EHT


.ERUTXET EVITARRAN DEREYAL-YLHCIR A NI GNITLUSER ,TI NIHTIW DLOT ENO REHTONA EVAH YAM YROTS TAHT DNA ,NWO SIH FO YROTS A SRETCARAHC REHTO GNILLET NIGEB LLIW ELAT S'EDAZAREHEHCS NI RETCARAHC A SEMITEMOS .IKAMRAB-LA RAF'AJ ,REIZIV SIH DNA SAWUN UBA TEOP TRUOC DEGELLA SIH ERA SA ,TSINOGATORP NOMMOC A SI DIHSAR-LA NURAH HPILAC LACIROTSIH EHT ;YHPARGOEG DNA ELPOEP LAER HTIW DELGNIMRETNI NETFO ERA HCIHW ,SECALP YRADNEGEL DNA ,SNAICIGAM ,NNIJD TCIPED SEIROTS SUOREMUN .SDNEGEL SUOIGILER MILSUM DNA ,ACITORE FO SMROF SUOIRAV ,SEUQSELRUB ,SMEOP ,SEIDEMOC ,SEIDEGART ,SEIROTS EVOL ,SELAT LACIROTSIH EDULCNI YEHT :YLEDIW YRAV SELAT EHT


.STHGIN 100,1 ROF SEOG TI OS .REHTONA )SNIGEB YLNO DNA( SNIGEB EHS ,ELAT EHT SEHSINIF EHS SA NOOS SA ,THGIN TXEN EHT .NOISULCNOC EHT RAEH OT REDRO NI EVILA REH PEEK OT DECROF SUHT SI GNIK EHT .TI DNE TON SEOD TUB ,ELAT A GNIK EHT SLLET EDAZAREHEHCS ,EGAIRRAM RIEHT FO THGIN EHT NO .SEERGA YLTNATCULER REHTAF REH DNA EDIRB TXEN EHT SA FLESREH SREFFO ,RETHGUAD S'REIZIV EHT ,EDAZAREHEHCS .SNIGRIV EROM YNA DNIF TONNAC REIZIV EHT YLLAUTNEVE .GNINROM TXEN EHT ENO HCAE ETUCEXE OT YLNO SNIGRIV FO NOISSECCUS A YRRAM OT SNIGEB EH .LUFHTIAFNU EB OT NEMOW LLA SERALCED NEHT DNA DETUCEXE REH SAH YTILEDIFNI S'EFIW REMROF SIH GNIREVOCSID NOPU ,RAYRHAHS ,GNIK EHT .EDIRB WEN SIH DNA GNIK NAISREP A SNRECNOC YROTS EMARF NIAM EHT


.009-008 DA NEEWTEB EREHWEMOS OT SISENEG S'NOITCELLOC EHT ETAD SNOISREV LAREVES DNUOF NEEB REVEN SAH TPIRCSUNAM LANIGIRO NA HGUOHT .ARE ETAHPILAC EHT MORF SEIROTS KLOF CIBARA LAVEIDEM DNA ,AIRYS TNEICNA ,YGOLOHTYM NAIMATOPOSEM TNEICNA ,TPYGE TNEICNA ,)SELAT DNASUOHT .TIL , ناسفا رازه :NAISREP NASFA RAZAH DINASSAS EHT YLLAICEPSE( AISREP TNEICNA ,AIDNI TNEICNA ,NEMEY DNA AIBARA TNEICNA OT KCAB STOOR RIEHT ECART SELAT FO SNOITCELLOC ESEHT .SEIRTNUOC SUOIRAV NI SRALOHCS DNA SROTALSNART ,SROHTUA SUOIRAV YB SRAEY FO SDNASUOHT REVO DETCELLOC SEIROTS FO NOITCELLOC A SI )BAS KAY O-RAZE - بش کی و رازه :NAISREP ;HALYAL-AW HALYAL FLA' BATIK - ةليلو ةليل فلأ باتك :CIBARA( STHGIN ENO DNA DNASUOHT ENO"
" ...STHGIN ENO DNA DNASUOHT ENO..." 54


GRO.AIDEPIKIW :ECNEREFER --
".EMIT LLA FO NOITCIF FO KROW LACITILOP-NON ,SUOIGILER-NON GNILLES-TSEB EHT SI DNA DEHSILBUP REVE NOITCIF FO SKROW TSETAERG EHT FO STSIL FO POT EHT RAEN RO TA SRAEPPA YLRALUGER TI ,ERUTARETIL NRETSEW NREDOM FO KROW GNIDNUOF A SA .NONAC YRARETIL HSINAPS ERITNE EHT SPAHREP DNA EGA NEDLOG HSINAPS EHT MORF EGREME OT ERUTARETIL FO KROW LAITNEULFNI TSOM EHT SI ETOXIUQ NOD ,TRAPA EDACED A SEMULOV OWT NI DEHSILBUP


.LEVON EHT NI RAEPPA YLLAUTCA EHS SEOD RON ,REH ROF SGNILEEF S'ETOXIUQ FO ERAWANU YLLATOT SI "AENICLUD" .EVOL YLTRUOC SIH FO TCEJBO EHT EB OT "THGINK" KCURTS-NOISULLI EHT YB )OZNEROL AZNODLA SI EMAN LAER REH( LRIG MRAF GNIROBHGIEN A MORF DETFARC TCEJBO YRANIGAMI NA ,OSOBOT LED AENICLUD SI LIOT OT SKEES ETOXIUQ MOHW ROF "YDAL" EHT .ERUTNEVDA FO HCRAES NI TUO STES "AHCNAM AL ED ETOXIUQ NOD" DELYTS-FLES EHT ,AZNAP OHCNAS ERIUQS YHTRAE SIH HTIW REHTEGOT .TNARRE THGINK A SI EH DECNIVNOC SEMOCEB DNA YSATNAF OTNI SDNECSED EH TAHT YRLAVIHC FO SEIROTS YNAM OS DAER SAH OHW NAMELTNEG YRTNUOC A SI ,ONAXIUQ OSNOLA ,TSINOGATORP EHT

.4161 NI DNOCES EHT DNA ,5061 NI TSRIF EHT :SEMULOV OWT NI DEHSILBUP SAW KROW EHT .ILEGNENEB ETEMAH EDIC ,NAIROTSIH HSIROOM DETNEVNI EHT YB TPIRCSUNAM A NOPU DESAB YROTS EHT ROF NIGIRO LANOITCIF A DETAERC SETNAVREC .ARDEVAAS SETNAVREC ED LEUGIM ROHTUA HSINAPS YB NETTIRW LEVON YLRAE NA" "...AHCNAM AL ED ETOXIUQ NOD..." 44


GRO.AIDEPIKIW :ECNEREFER --

".ERNEG YSATNAF EHT NI YLNIAM ,LAITNEULFNI YLSUOMRONE NEEB SAH ERUTCURTS DNA ESRUOC EVITARRAN STI DNA ,ESNESNON YRARETIL FO ERNEG EHT FO SELPMAXE CITSIRETCARAHC TSOM EHT FO ENO EB OT DEREDISNOC SI TI .NERDLIHC SA LLEW SA STLUDA HTIW YTIRALUPOP GNITSAL FO YROTS EHT EDAM EVAH TAHT SYAW NI CIGOL HTIW SYALP ELAT EHT .EZIROMEM OT DETCEPXE EREW NERDLIHCLOOHCS HSITIRB TAHT SNOSSEL EHT OT DNA ,)SEIMENE DNA( SDNEIRF S'NOSGDOD OT SNOISULLA HTIW DELLIF SI ELAT EHT


.SERUTAERC CIHPROMOPORHTNA DNA RAILUCEP YB DETALUPOP MLAER CITSATNAF A OTNI ELOH-TIBBAR A NWOD SLLAF OHW ECILA DEMAN LRIG A FO YROTS EHT SLLET TI .LARENEG NI ERUTARETIL HSILGNE FO DNA ERNEG EHT FO ELPMAXE CISSALC A DEREDISNOC ,LLORRAC SIWEL MYNODUESP EHT REDNU NOSGDOD EGDIWTUL SELRAHC ROHTUA HSILGNE YB NETTIRW ESNESNON YRARETIL FO KROW A SI )5681( DNALREDNOW NI SERUTNEVDA S'ECILA" "... DNALREDNOW NI SERUTNEVDA S'ECILA EREW SKOOB ETIROVAF REH..." 34


GRO.AIDEPIKIW :ECNEREFER --

"."EUGAEL DEDAEH-DER EHT" ,SEIROTS SEMLOH KCOLREHS ETIROVAF S'ELYOD NANOC RUHTRA FO ENO NI YLBATON TSOM ,ERUTARETIL HSILGNE TUOHGUORHT DNUOF EB NAC ACINNATIRB EHT OT SECNEREFER ".ROTITEPMOC ON SI EREHT ESUACEB NOSIRAPMOC DNOYEB" SAW ACINNATIRB EHT TAHT GNIYAS SA DETOUQ SAW EBEEB MAILLIW TSILARUTAN ,TNEMESITREVDA DETALER A NI


."YRARBIL EHT FO HCRAIRTAP" EHT ACINNATIRB EHT DEBBUD ENIZAGAM EMIT ,NOITIDE HT41 EHT FO ESAELER EHT NO .ECNELLECXE LARENEG ROF NOITATUPER LACITIRC DNA RALUPOP A DEYOJNE SAH ACINNATIRB EHT ,NOITIDE DR3 EHT ECNIS .SAIDEAPOLCYCNE FO YLRALOHCS TSOM EHT SA DEVIECREP YLEDIW SI TI .SROTUBIRTNOC TREPXE 000,4 REVO DNA SROTIDE EMIT-LLUF 91 FO FFATS A YB NETTIRW DNA ,SREDAER TLUDA DETACUDE TA DEMIA ERA ACINNATIRB EHT NI SELCITRA EHT .4391 NI ELOP HTUOS EHT TA YATS HTNOM-EVIF SIH ROF LAIRETAM GNIDAER SA ACINNATIRB EHT KOOT DRYB NYLEVE DRAHCIR DNA—SELCITRA ECNEICS EHT ROF TPECXE—NOITIDE HT9 ETELPMOC EHT DAER EVAH OT DEMIALC WAHS DRANREB EGROEG RETIRW


".ACINNATIRB AIDÆPOLCYCNE EHT FO RETSAM DNA DROL ELBADIMROF TSOM" EDULCNI OT ELTIT LAYOR SIH DEDNETXE EH ,TAEF SIHT RETFA ;YLETELPMOC DAER EH HCIHW ,NOITIDE DR3 S'ACINNATIRB EHT FO TES ETELPMOC A NEVIG SAW EH ,7971 NI AISREP FO HAHS EHT EMACEB ILA H'TAF NEHW .OS OD OT SRAEY 22 OT EERHT MORF EREHWYNA GNIKAT ,ACINNATIRB ERITNE EHT GNIDAER OT SEVLESMEHT DETOVED EVAH YNAM ,NOITACUDE RIEHT REHTRUF OT .EGDELWONK NAMUH FO LLA GNIZIRAMMUS ROF NOITATUPER RALUPOP A SAH ACINNATIRB EHT .YNAPMOC DLEH YLETAVIRP A ,.CNI ,ACINNATIRB AIDÆPOLCYCNE YB DEHSILBUP AIDEAPOLCYCNE EGAUGNAL-HSILGNE LARENEG A SI ACINNATIRB AIDÆPOLCYCNE EHT" "...ACINNATIRB AIDEPOLCYCNE EHT FO TES A NI THGUORB ..." 24


GRO.AIDEPIKIW :ECNEREFER --

".SDROW NWONKNU FO SNOITAICNUNORP ETAMIXORPPA ECUDORP OT REHTEGOT SRETTEL FO SDNUOS EHT DNELB OT MEHT GNIHCAET DNA )SGNILLEPS KC RO ,K ,C YB DETNESERPER EB NAC /K/ DNUOS EHT TAHT ,.G.E( SRETTEL FO SPUORG RO SRETTEL HTIW SDNUOS TCENNOC OT NERDLIHC GNIHCAET SEVLOVNI SCINOHP .HSILGNE DAER OT NERDLIHC GNIHCAET ROF DOHTEM LANOITCURTSNI NA OT SREFER SCINOHP"
" ... DOHTEM SCINOHP EHT ..." 14


04641/TXETE/GRO.GREBNETUG.WWW//:PTTH :ETISBEW GNIWOLLOF EHT MORF REDAER S'YFFUGCM EHT FO SNOISREV TXET DAOLNWOD YAM UOY


"."LUFHTIAFNU" GNIEB ROF DOG YB DETCEJER NEEB EVAH SWEJ TAHT HCAET DNA ",SUOITITSREPUS" SA TNEMATSET DLO EHT FO ECNEREVER RIEHT SLEBAL DNA "SRELLIK TSIRHC" SA SWEJ EZIRETCARAHC REHTRUF SREDAER EHT ".LEPSOG EHT NI DENIATNOC YTILAROM EHT OT SREGNARTS DNA NOITCID EHT FO ELBAPACNI EREW SROHTUA HSIWEJ" TAHT TCEFFE EHT OT REDAER HTRUOF EHT SETOUQ OSLA EH .LUAP DNA SUSEJ GNIKCATTA SWEJ OT DNA KCOLYHS OT SECNEREFER CITIMES-ITNA SUOREMUN SETIC NIWDLAB


.YOBLOOHCS A SA S'YEFFUGCM FO YDUTS SIH HTIW DETANIGIRO MSITIMES-ITNA DEWOVA-FLES S'DROF YRNEH TAHT ESAC EHT SEKAM ROHTUA EHT ,SWEJ EHT DNA DROF YRNEH S'NIWDLAB LIEN NI ,ECNATSNI ROF .CITIMES-ITNA SA MSIADUJ DNA SWEJ EHT OT KOOB EHT NI SECNEREFER EHT DRAGER OHW ESOHT ERA EREHT ."SEGAVAS" SA OT DERREFER ERA SNACIREMA EVITAN ,ELPMAXE ROF .SEITIRONIM SUOIGILER DNA CINHTE OT SECNEREFER YROTAGORED YNAM NIATNOC SREDAER S'YEFFUGCM


.SETATS DETINU EHT SSORCA SLOOHCS OT ,ESNEPXE NWO SIH TA ,MEHT FO STES ETELPMOC DETUBIRTSID DNA ,NOITIDE 7581 EHT MORF SREDAER XIS LLA DEHSILBUPER DROF .HTGNEL TAERG TA YROMEM YB S'YEFFUGCM MORF ETOUQ OT ELBA EB OT TLUDA NA SA DEMIALC DNA ,SNOITIDE TSRIF SREDAER S'YEFFUGCM FO NAF DIVA NA SAW EH .SECNEULFNI DOOHDLIHC TNATROPMI TSOM SIH FO ENO SA SREDAER S'YEFFUGCM DETIC DROF YRNEH


.YADOT NAHT TNEMERIUQER NOMMOC EROM A SAW ,ACIREMA YRUTNEC HT91 NI ,HCIHW ,GNIKAEPS CILBUP LAMROF DNA ,YRALUBACOV ,GNILLEPS DEZISAHPME SREDAER EHT .SNOITSEUQ KSA TSUM ENO ,NOITCURTSNI EVIG OT REHCAET A ROF REDRO NI DEVEILEB EH ROF YROTS HCAE RETFA SNOITSEUQ DETSIL OSLA EH .SESSALC RIEHT OT DUOLA DAER YEHT DETSEGGUS DNA STNEDUTS RIEHT SA LLEW SA SNOSSEL EHT YDUTS DLUOHS SREHCAET TAHT DEVEILEB YEFFUGCM


.DLO EHT GNITAEPER YLLUFERAC DNA SDROW WEN GNICUDORTNI YLLAUDARG ,ERUTARETIL LAER FO TXETNOC EHT NI SDROW YRALUBACOV WEN DESU YEFFUGCM ,TSARTNOC NI .NOITAZIROMEM ROF EGAP REP SDROW WEN 001 OT 02 FO STSIL LLUD DEREFFO DAH STXET ARE-LAINOLOC .DEZISAHPME EREW STNECCA DNA NOITAICNUNE ,TUO-GNIDNUOS .GNIDAER GNIGNELLAHC HGUORHT SLLIKS GNIDAER GNORTS TLIUB HCIHW ,LOOT GNINRAEL A SA TXET EHT NI NOITITEPER DROW DESU YEHT .EMULOV HCAE HTIW GNIGNELLAHC EROM YLEVISSERGORP EMOCEB OT DENGISED EREW TAHT ACIREMA NI SKOOBTXET TSRIF EHT GNOMA EREW SREDAER S'YEFFUGCM


.KOOB SIHT HTIW DETELPMOC STNEDUTS HCIHW ,LEVEL LOOHCS RAMMARG EHT NO YTILIBA FO SLEVEL TSEHGIH EHT ROF NETTIRW SAW REDAER HTRUOF EHT .EDARG HT6 RO HT5 NREDOM EHT OT TNELAVIUQE LEVEL A TA NETTIRW SAW DNA ,SDROW FO SNOITINIFED EHT THGUAT REDAER DRIHT EHT .REBMEMER DLUOC NERDLIHC HCIHW SEIROTS DIVIV GNIDIVORP ELIHW SECNETNES FO GNINAEM EHT DNATSREDNU OT MEHT DEPLEH DNA ,DAER DLUOC TNEDUTS EHT ECNO YALP OTNI EMAC REDAER DNOCES EHT .KROW ETALS HTIW DEDIA DNA ,SDROW OTNI TNEMEGNARRA RIEHT DNA SRETTEL FO NOITACIFITNEDI EHT ,DOHTEM SCINOHP EHT GNISU YB GNIDAER THGUAT REDAER TSRIF EHT


.ELBIB EHT FO SKOOB ERITNE DNIM OT TIMMOC DLUOC DNA ,EZIROMEM OT YTILIBA ELBAKRAMER A DAH EH .SLOOHCS REITNORF FO NOISSECCUS A NI KEEW A SYAD 6 ,YAD A SRUOH 11 DEKROW NETFO YEFFUGCM .ENO-YTNEWT OT XIS MORF DEIRAV SEGA S'NERDLIHC ,SLOOHCS REHCAET-ENO YNAM NI .YEFFUGCM GNUOY EHT YB DECAF SEGNELLAHC LAREVES FO ENO TSUJ SAW SSALC EHT FO EZIS EHT .OIHO ,ATTUCLAC NI LOOHCS MOOR ENO A NI STNEDUTS 84 HTIW GNINNIGEB ,41 FO EGA EHT TA REHCAET "GNIVOR" A EMACEB YEFFUGCM


.SEIPOC 000,000,521 REVO DLOS SREDAER YEFFUGCM EHT .9381 NI ITANNICNIC NI ECIFFO WAL A DENEPO DNA EERGED WAL SIH NO GNIKROW ELIHW LOOHCS THGUAT REDNAXELA .REDAER HTFIF EHT ROF YTILIBISNOPSER ELOS DAH DNA RELLEPS A DELIPMOC OSLA OHW ,YEFFUGCM NOTLIMAH REDNAXELA ,REHTORB SIH YB DETSISSA SAW EH ,YEFFUGCM SEMLOH MAILLIW YB ESEHT NO ENOD KROW EHT OT NOITIDDA NI .NERDLIHC LOOHCS ROF SREDAER FO SEIRES A ETIRW OT DEHCAORPPA SAW YEFFUGCM NEHW IMAIM TA SRAEY SIH GNIRUD SAW TI


.9281 NI RETSINIM NAIRETYBSERP A SA DENIADRO SAW EH .AINIGRIV FO YTISREVINU EHT TA YHPOSOLIHP LAROM FO ROSSEFORP A EMACEB EH NEHW ,5481 LITNU 3481 MORF EGELLOC DRAWDOOW TA THGUAT YEFFUGCM ,ITANNICNIC OT GNINRUTER .)3481-9381( YTISREVINU OIHO DNA )9381-6381( EGELLOC ITANNICNIC FO TNEDISERP SA DEVRES NEHT EH .6381 NI NOITANGISER SIH LITNU 6281 MORF YTISREVINU IMAIM TA SEGAUGNAL TNEICNA FO ROSSEFORP A SAW EH .41 FO EGA EHT TA LOOHCS GNIHCAET NAGEB OHW YEFFUGCM SEMLOH MAILLIW YB NETTIRW EREW SREDAER CITCELCE S'YEFFUGCM"
"...SREDAER CITCELCE S'YEFFUGCM..." 04

SETONTOOF


".EROM HCUM WOH REVOCSID NOOS DLUOW I .DETRATS EW NEHW TIMDA OT GNILLIW SAW EHS NAHT HTRAE FO YROTSIH DNA ERUTLUC EHT TUOBA EROM TOL A NWONK YDAERLA DAH EHS KNIHT I ,YLLANOSREP


.TCELLETNI GNITARTENEP YREV A DAH EHS TAHT DEWOHS SNOITSEUQ REH FO YTELTBUS DNA GNIDNATSREDNU XELPMOC FO HTPED EHT .SEITINAMUH EHT TUOBA EREW SNOITSEUQ REH FO WEF A .SGNIHT CIFITNEICS DNA LACINHCET HTIW OD OT DAH ESEHT FO TSOM .SREWSNA ROF MOOR RETUO EHT NI ELPOEP EHT HTIW DETLUSNOC I OS ,SNOITSEUQ REH FO TOL A REWSNA TON DLUOC I


.REWOP RO LLIKS TAERG NAHT NOITANIGAMI DNA TIRIPS TAERG EVAH OT TNATROPMI EROM SI TI TAHT DEWOHS SEIROTS ESEHT FO SROHTUA EHT DIAS EHS .)ETONTOOF( 54 "STHGIN ENO DNA DNASUOHT ENO" DNA )ETONTOOF( 44 "AHCNAM AL ED ETOXIUQ NOD" ,)ETONTOOF( 34 "DNALREDNOW NI SERUTNEVDA S'ECILA" ERA SKOOB ETIROVAF REH TAHT EM DLOT LRIA ,YLDDO


.GNIDAER SAW EHS SKOOB EHT NI GNIHTEMOS YFIRALC OT RO TXETNOC FO ESNES A REH EVIG OT TNAEM YLLAUSU EREW SNOITSEUQ EHT .EM DEKSA EHS NOITSEUQ LANOISACCO NA ROF TPECXE ,SU NEEWTEB NOITACINUMMOC HCUM TUOHTIW TNEPS NEEB DAH KEEW GNIWOLLOF EHT GNIRUD EMIT TAHT FO TSOM ,YAD HCAE SRUOH 41 OT 21 ROF LRIA HTIW YATS OT DEUNITNOC I HGUOHTLA


.SNOITSEUQ RO TNEMMOC TUOHTIW REVOC OT REVOC MORF DAER EHS HCIHW ,OSLA ELBIB YLOH EHT FO YPOC A DEVIECER EHS TAHT ERUS EDAM I ,ESRUOC FO .YGOLOEAHCRA DNA YROTSIH NAMUH TUOBA SKOOB 05 TSAEL TA DAER DAH TSUM EHS KNIHT I .YROTSIH YLLAICEPSE ,SEITINAMUH EHT NI STCEJBUS NO SKOOB YNAM TAERG A DAER OT DEKSA OSLA LRIA .ERUTARETIL FO SCISSALC EHT DNA YRTEOP ,SLEVON ,SKOOB NOITCIF DAER OT NAGEB EHS RETAL


.HTROF OS DNA ,SLAUNAM LACINHCET SUOIRAV ,SCITAMEHTAM ,GNIREENIGNE ,YGRULLATEM ,YMONORTSA EKIL ,TUOBA GNIHTYNA WONK OT DETNAW REVEN I SGNIHT LACINHCET YREV REHTO YNAM DNA ,ENIGAMI DLUOC I TCEJBUS YREVE DEIDUTS EHS !MEHT FO DERDNUH LAREVES HGUORHT DAER DAH EHS EROFEB SYAD EROM WEF A NAHT EROM T'NSAW TI ESUACEB ,EMUSERP I ,YRTNUOC EHT REVO LLA SEIRARBIL MORF NI THGUORB EREW SKOOB SYAD XIS TXEN EHT REVO


.GNIYDUTS SAW EHS GNIHT EHT FO ERUTCIP A EES DLUOC EHS FI GNINAEM EHT DNATSREDNU OT REISAE HCUM SAW TI ESUACEB SGNIWARD DNA SHPARGOTOHP HTIW SKOOB ECNEREFER DNA SKOOB ERUTCIP EROM YNAM DETSEUQER EHS ,TAHT RETFA .SERUTCIP FO TOL A DAH TI ESUACEB SIHT DEYOJNE YLLAICEPSE LRIA )ETONTOOF( 24 .ACINNATIRB AIDEPOLCYCNE EHT FO TES A NI THGUORB ELBWEN .RM ,TXEN


.MAERTS YDAETS A NI REH OT THGUORB EB SKOOB ECNEREFER TAHT GNITSEUQER ,REH ROF REIRUOC A SA GNITCA SAW BOJ YM NO NEHT MORF .TAHT RETFA YLLAUNITNOC YRANOITCID EHT DETLUSNOC LRIA .DERETNUOCNE EHS SDROW WEN PU KOOL OT YRANOITCID A ESU OT WOH REH DEWOHS I .FLESREH YB YDUTS DNA DAER OT ELBA SAW LRIA ,SNOSSEL ESEHT FO DNE EHT TA .HSILGNE NI EM TA "KNIHT" OT ELBA WON SAW EHS ,HTIW KAEPS OT HTUOM A EVAH TON DID LRIA HGUOHTLA


.REH OT GNIDAER EUNITNOC OT EM ROF SSELTNIOP EMACEB TI LITNU ETARELECCA OT DEUNITNOC NRETTAP SIHT .SEGAP TXEN EHT OTNI LLEW SAW DNA SNOSSEL SUOIVERP EHT DEZIROMEM YDAERLA DAH EHS ,FFO TFEL D'EW EREHW NIGEB OT GNINROM HCAE DENRUTER I NEHW .DEREVOC YDAERLA DAH EW SNOSSEL EHT GNIWEIVER ,MOOR WEIVRETNI EHT NI RIAHC DEFFUTSREVO EHT NI GNITTIS DENIAMER EHS DAETSNI .PEELS TON DID EHS .GNIHTYNA ROF SKAERB EKAT TON DID LRIA


.TRAP YM NO SKAERB TSER DNA SLAEM WEF A ROF TPECXE ,NOITPURRETNI TUOHTIW SYAD EVITUCESNOC 3 ROF YAD A SRUOH 41 ROF SSECORP SIHT DEUNITNOC EW .DESSERGORP EW SA GNINAEM DNA ELBALLYS ,DNUOS ,RETTEL YREVE BROSBA DNA DNATSREDNU OT DEMEES LRIA ,SSELEHTENON .SDRADNATS S'YADOT YB DETADTUO YREV ERA YEHT HGUOHTLA ,THGUAT GNIEB STCEJBUS DNA SEIROTS EHT FO SNOITARTSULLI ELPMIS ,TNELLECXE DAH SKOOB EHT FO HCAE .SREDAER S'YEFFUGCM FO SEIRES EHT NI KOOB EVISSECCUS HCAE MORF REH OT DUOLA GNIDAER MOOR WEIVRETNI EHT NI LRIA OT TXEN TAS I ,DETCURTSNI SA


!OGA SRAEY 002 REVO ECNEDNEPEDNI FO NOITARALCED EHT ETORW SREHTAF GNIDNUOF RUO ECNIS EGAUGNAL NWO RUO FO TOL A TSOL EVAH EW KNIHT I .EGA NREDOM RUO NI YLNOMMOC ESU ELPOEP SDROW FO REBMUN DETIMIL YLEVITALER EHT OT DERAPMOC DECNAVDA YREV SAW KOOB EHT NI DESU YRALUBACOV EHT TAHT DEREVOCSID OSLA I


!ENOYNA OT KOOB SIHT DNEMMOCER DLUOW I ,YLLANOSREP .STNERAP ROF TCEPSER DNA ,DOG ROF ECNEREVER ,MSITOIRTAP ,EGARUOC ,KROW DRAH ,TFIRHT ,YTIRAHC ,YTSENOH EKIL SEUTRIV ETARTSULLI OT SNOITANALPXE DOOG YREV EVAG YEHT DNA EMOSELOHW YREV EREW SEIROTS EHT FO LLA


.ENOYREVE YB DECITCARP EB DLUOHS TAHT EUTRIV A SI YTISORENEG TAHT WONK LLA EW .HGUOHT ELPOEP YHTLAEW FO YLNO DETCEPXE SI YTIRAHC TAHT EVEILEB OT UOY HCAET YLIRASSECEN TON OD SKOOB EHT .TFIG ECIN A REH SEVIG TNAHCREM EHT ,TSENOH EB OT FLESREH SEVORP WODIW EHT NEHW ,RETAL .DEEN NI WODIW A SDNEIRFEB OHW TNAHCREM A TUOBA ELAT YTILAROM A FO DNIK S'TI


."TNAHCREM EHT DNA WODIW EHT" SAW REBMEMER I SEIROTS EHT FO ENO .SAEDI ESOHT NO DEDNAPXE "SREDAER HTXIS DNA HTFIF ,HTRUOF ,DRIHT" EHT .SLAMINA DNA ,SDNEIRF ,SREHCAET ,SREBMEM YLIMAF HTIW PIHSNOITALER RIEHT NI NERDLIHC ERUTCIP "SREDAER DNOCES DNA TSRIF" EHT NI SEIROTS EHT TAHT DEREVOCSID I


.DROW HCAE ROF NOITAICNUNORP TCERROC EHT WOHS OT SGNIKRAM HTIW DNA ESICREXE GNIDAER EHT NI DESU SDROW FO YDUTS A HTIW SNIGEB NOSSEL HCAE .SRETTEL HTIW SDNUOS TCENNOC OT NERDLIHC GNIHCAET SEVLOVNI HCIHW )ETONTOOF( 14 DOHTEM SCINOHP EHT GNISU ,SDROW ECNUONORP DNA MROF OT EGAUGNAL EHT FO SKCOLB GNIDLIUB EHT ESU OT ,PETS YB PETS ,THGUAT NEHT EREW NERDLIHC .ECNEUQES NI ,DEZIROMEM EB OT TEBAHPLA EHT FO SRETTEL EHT GNITNESERP YB "REMIRP EHT" NI SNIGEB ESRUOC LANOITACUDE S'YEFFUGCM


.GNOL OS ROF NERDLIHC NACIREMA REVO ECNEULFNI HCUM OS DAH REVE SKOOB REHTO ON .DAER OT WOH NERDLIHC LOOHCS NACIREMA LLA FO SHTFIF-RUOF TUOBA HCAET OT YRUTNEC A FO SRETRAUQ-EERHT ROF DESU EREW SKOOB ESEHT FO NOISREV 6381 LANIGIRO EHT ESUACEB SAW SKOOB RALUCITRAP ESEHT ESOHC EH NOSAER EHT DIAS EH .NEILA EHT HCAET OT SKOOB EHT ESU OT WOH NO - YAD ERITNE NA KOOT TAHT ESRUOC A - GNIFEIRB EVISNETXE NA EM EVAG OSLA SKOOB EHT EM EVAG OHW TREPXE EGAUGNAL EHT ,REHCAET A TON DNA ,ESRUN A MA I ECNIS


)ETONTOOF( 04 ."HTXIS HGUORHT REMIRP ,REDAER CITCELCE S'YEFFUGCM" DELLAC SI TI .ACIREMA FO SREITNORF EHT NO S0081 EHT NI NERDLIHC REENOIP HCAET OT DESU NEEB DAH TAHT KOOB LOOHCS A FO SEGAP TSRIF EHT HTIW SNOSSEL GNIDAER EHT NAGEB I"
)ETON LANOSREP YORLECAM LLENNOD'O ADLITAM(


SNOSSEL GNIDAER - EVIF RETPAHC


◯
⦿
◯


CHAPTER FIVE - READING LESSONS


(MATILDA O'DONNELL MACELROY PERSONAL NOTE)
"I BEGAN THE READING LESSONS WITH THE FIRST PAGES OF A SCHOOL BOOK THAT HAD BEEN USED TO TEACH PIONEER CHILDREN IN THE 1800S ON THE FRONTIERS OF AMERICA. IT IS CALLED "MCGUFFEY'S ECLECTIC READER, PRIMER THROUGH SIXTH". 40 (FOOTNOTE)


SINCE I AM A NURSE, AND NOT A TEACHER, THE LANGUAGE EXPERT WHO GAVE ME THE BOOKS ALSO GAVE ME AN EXTENSIVE BRIEFING - A COURSE THAT TOOK AN ENTIRE DAY - ON HOW TO USE THE BOOKS TO TEACH THE ALIEN. HE SAID THE REASON HE CHOSE THESE PARTICULAR BOOKS WAS BECAUSE THE ORIGINAL 1836 VERSION OF THESE BOOKS WERE USED FOR THREE-QUARTERS OF A CENTURY TO TEACH ABOUT FOUR-FIFTHS OF ALL AMERICAN SCHOOL CHILDREN HOW TO READ. NO OTHER BOOKS EVER HAD SO MUCH INFLUENCE OVER AMERICAN CHILDREN FOR SO LONG.


MCGUFFEY'S EDUCATIONAL COURSE BEGINS IN "THE PRIMER" BY PRESENTING THE LETTERS OF THE ALPHABET TO BE MEMORIZED, IN SEQUENCE. CHILDREN WERE THEN TAUGHT, STEP BY STEP, TO USE THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF THE LANGUAGE TO FORM AND PRONOUNCE WORDS, USING THE PHONICS METHOD 41 (FOOTNOTE) WHICH INVOLVES TEACHING CHILDREN TO CONNECT SOUNDS WITH LETTERS. EACH LESSON BEGINS WITH A STUDY OF WORDS USED IN THE READING EXERCISE AND WITH MARKINGS TO SHOW THE CORRECT PRONUNCIATION FOR EACH WORD.


I DISCOVERED THAT THE STORIES IN THE "FIRST AND SECOND READERS" PICTURE CHILDREN IN THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH FAMILY MEMBERS, TEACHERS, FRIENDS, AND ANIMALS. THE "THIRD, FOURTH, FIFTH AND SIXTH READERS" EXPANDED ON THOSE IDEAS. ONE OF THE STORIES I REMEMBER WAS "THE WIDOW AND THE MERCHANT".


IT'S KIND OF A MORALITY TALE ABOUT A MERCHANT WHO BEFRIENDS A WIDOW IN NEED. LATER, WHEN THE WIDOW PROVES HERSELF TO BE HONEST, THE MERCHANT GIVES HER A NICE GIFT. THE BOOKS DO NOT NECESSARILY TEACH YOU TO BELIEVE THAT CHARITY IS EXPECTED ONLY OF WEALTHY PEOPLE THOUGH. WE ALL KNOW THAT GENEROSITY IS A VIRTUE THAT SHOULD BE PRACTICED BY EVERYONE.


ALL OF THE STORIES WERE VERY WHOLESOME AND THEY GAVE VERY GOOD EXPLANATIONS TO ILLUSTRATE VIRTUES LIKE HONESTY, CHARITY, THRIFT, HARD WORK, COURAGE, PATRIOTISM, REVERENCE FOR GOD, AND RESPECT FOR PARENTS. PERSONALLY, I WOULD RECOMMEND THIS BOOK TO ANYONE!


I ALSO DISCOVERED THAT THE VOCABULARY USED IN THE BOOK WAS VERY ADVANCED COMPARED TO THE RELATIVELY LIMITED NUMBER OF WORDS PEOPLE USE COMMONLY IN OUR MODERN AGE. I THINK WE HAVE LOST A LOT OF OUR OWN LANGUAGE SINCE OUR FOUNDING FATHERS WROTE THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE OVER 200 YEARS AGO!


AS INSTRUCTED, I SAT NEXT TO AIRL IN THE INTERVIEW ROOM READING ALOUD TO HER FROM EACH SUCCESSIVE BOOK IN THE SERIES OF MCGUFFEY'S READERS. EACH OF THE BOOKS HAD EXCELLENT, SIMPLE ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE STORIES AND SUBJECTS BEING TAUGHT, ALTHOUGH THEY ARE VERY OUTDATED BY TODAY'S STANDARDS. NONETHELESS, AIRL SEEMED TO UNDERSTAND AND ABSORB EVERY LETTER, SOUND, SYLLABLE AND MEANING AS WE PROGRESSED. WE CONTINUED THIS PROCESS FOR 14 HOURS A DAY FOR 3 CONSECUTIVE DAYS WITHOUT INTERRUPTION, EXCEPT FOR A FEW MEALS AND REST BREAKS ON MY PART.


AIRL DID NOT TAKE BREAKS FOR ANYTHING. SHE DID NOT SLEEP. INSTEAD SHE REMAINED SITTING IN THE OVERSTUFFED CHAIR IN THE INTERVIEW ROOM, REVIEWING THE LESSONS WE HAD ALREADY COVERED. WHEN I RETURNED EACH MORNING TO BEGIN WHERE WE'D LEFT OFF, SHE HAD ALREADY MEMORIZED THE PREVIOUS LESSONS AND WAS WELL INTO THE NEXT PAGES. THIS PATTERN CONTINUED TO ACCELERATE UNTIL IT BECAME POINTLESS FOR ME TO CONTINUE READING TO HER.


ALTHOUGH AIRL DID NOT HAVE A MOUTH TO SPEAK WITH, SHE WAS NOW ABLE TO "THINK" AT ME IN ENGLISH. AT THE END OF THESE LESSONS, AIRL WAS ABLE TO READ AND STUDY BY HERSELF. I SHOWED HER HOW TO USE A DICTIONARY TO LOOK UP NEW WORDS SHE ENCOUNTERED. AIRL CONSULTED THE DICTIONARY CONTINUALLY AFTER THAT. FROM THEN ON MY JOB WAS ACTING AS A COURIER FOR HER, REQUESTING THAT REFERENCE BOOKS BE BROUGHT TO HER IN A STEADY STREAM.


NEXT, MR. NEWBLE BROUGHT IN A SET OF THE ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA. 42 (FOOTNOTE) AIRL ESPECIALLY ENJOYED THIS BECAUSE IT HAD A LOT OF PICTURES. AFTER THAT, SHE REQUESTED MANY MORE PICTURE BOOKS AND REFERENCE BOOKS WITH PHOTOGRAPHS AND DRAWINGS BECAUSE IT WAS MUCH EASIER TO UNDERSTAND THE MEANING IF SHE COULD SEE A PICTURE OF THE THING SHE WAS STUDYING.


OVER THE NEXT SIX DAYS BOOKS WERE BROUGHT IN FROM LIBRARIES ALL OVER THE COUNTRY, I PRESUME, BECAUSE IT WASN'T MORE THAN A FEW MORE DAYS BEFORE SHE HAD READ THROUGH SEVERAL HUNDRED OF THEM! SHE STUDIED EVERY SUBJECT I COULD IMAGINE, AND MANY OTHER VERY TECHNICAL THINGS I NEVER WANTED TO KNOW ANYTHING ABOUT, LIKE ASTRONOMY, METALLURGY, ENGINEERING, MATHEMATICS, VARIOUS TECHNICAL MANUALS, AND SO FORTH.


LATER SHE BEGAN TO READ FICTION BOOKS, NOVELS, POETRY AND THE CLASSICS OF LITERATURE. AIRL ALSO ASKED TO READ A GREAT MANY BOOKS ON SUBJECTS IN THE HUMANITIES, ESPECIALLY HISTORY. I THINK SHE MUST HAD READ AT LEAST 50 BOOKS ABOUT HUMAN HISTORY AND ARCHAEOLOGY. OF COURSE, I MADE SURE THAT SHE RECEIVED A COPY OF THE HOLY BIBLE ALSO, WHICH SHE READ FROM COVER TO COVER WITHOUT COMMENT OR QUESTIONS.


ALTHOUGH I CONTINUED TO STAY WITH AIRL FOR 12 TO 14 HOURS EACH DAY, MOST OF THAT TIME DURING THE FOLLOWING WEEK HAD BEEN SPENT WITHOUT MUCH COMMUNICATION BETWEEN US, EXCEPT FOR AN OCCASIONAL QUESTION SHE ASKED ME. THE QUESTIONS WERE USUALLY MEANT TO GIVE HER A SENSE OF CONTEXT OR TO CLARIFY SOMETHING IN THE BOOKS SHE WAS READING.


ODDLY, AIRL TOLD ME THAT HER FAVORITE BOOKS ARE "ALICE'S ADVENTURES IN WONDERLAND" 43 (FOOTNOTE), "DON QUIXOTE DE LA MANCHA" 44 (FOOTNOTE) AND "ONE THOUSAND AND ONE NIGHTS" 45 (FOOTNOTE). SHE SAID THE AUTHORS OF THESE STORIES SHOWED THAT IT IS MORE IMPORTANT TO HAVE GREAT SPIRIT AND IMAGINATION THAN GREAT SKILL OR POWER.


I COULD NOT ANSWER A LOT OF HER QUESTIONS, SO I CONSULTED WITH THE PEOPLE IN THE OUTER ROOM FOR ANSWERS. MOST OF THESE HAD TO DO WITH TECHNICAL AND SCIENTIFIC THINGS. A FEW OF HER QUESTIONS WERE ABOUT THE HUMANITIES. THE DEPTH OF COMPLEX UNDERSTANDING AND SUBTLETY OF HER QUESTIONS SHOWED THAT SHE HAD A VERY PENETRATING INTELLECT.


PERSONALLY, I THINK SHE HAD ALREADY KNOWN A LOT MORE ABOUT THE CULTURE AND HISTORY OF EARTH THAN SHE WAS WILLING TO ADMIT WHEN WE STARTED. I WOULD SOON DISCOVER HOW MUCH MORE."


FOOTNOTES

40 "...MCGUFFEY'S ECLECTIC READERS..."
"MCGUFFEY'S ECLECTIC READERS WERE WRITTEN BY WILLIAM HOLMES MCGUFFEY WHO BEGAN TEACHING SCHOOL AT THE AGE OF 14. HE WAS A PROFESSOR OF ANCIENT LANGUAGES AT MIAMI UNIVERSITY FROM 1826 UNTIL HIS RESIGNATION IN 1836. HE THEN SERVED AS PRESIDENT OF CINCINNATI COLLEGE (1836-1839) AND OHIO UNIVERSITY (1839-1843). RETURNING TO CINCINNATI, MCGUFFEY TAUGHT AT WOODWARD COLLEGE FROM 1843 UNTIL 1845, WHEN HE BECAME A PROFESSOR OF MORAL PHILOSOPHY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA. HE WAS ORDAINED AS A PRESBYTERIAN MINISTER IN 1829.


IT WAS DURING HIS YEARS AT MIAMI WHEN MCGUFFEY WAS APPROACHED TO WRITE A SERIES OF READERS FOR SCHOOL CHILDREN. IN ADDITION TO THE WORK DONE ON THESE BY WILLIAM HOLMES MCGUFFEY, HE WAS ASSISTED BY HIS BROTHER, ALEXANDER HAMILTON MCGUFFEY, WHO ALSO COMPILED A SPELLER AND HAD SOLE RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE FIFTH READER. ALEXANDER TAUGHT SCHOOL WHILE WORKING ON HIS LAW DEGREE AND OPENED A LAW OFFICE IN CINCINNATI IN 1839. THE MCGUFFEY READERS SOLD OVER 125,000,000 COPIES.


MCGUFFEY BECAME A "ROVING" TEACHER AT THE AGE OF 14, BEGINNING WITH 48 STUDENTS IN A ONE ROOM SCHOOL IN CALCUTTA, OHIO. THE SIZE OF THE CLASS WAS JUST ONE OF SEVERAL CHALLENGES FACED BY THE YOUNG MCGUFFEY. IN MANY ONE-TEACHER SCHOOLS, CHILDREN'S AGES VARIED FROM SIX TO TWENTY-ONE. MCGUFFEY OFTEN WORKED 11 HOURS A DAY, 6 DAYS A WEEK IN A SUCCESSION OF FRONTIER SCHOOLS. HE HAD A REMARKABLE ABILITY TO MEMORIZE, AND COULD COMMIT TO MIND ENTIRE BOOKS OF THE BIBLE.


THE FIRST READER TAUGHT READING BY USING THE PHONICS METHOD, THE IDENTIFICATION OF LETTERS AND THEIR ARRANGEMENT INTO WORDS, AND AIDED WITH SLATE WORK. THE SECOND READER CAME INTO PLAY ONCE THE STUDENT COULD READ, AND HELPED THEM TO UNDERSTAND THE MEANING OF SENTENCES WHILE PROVIDING VIVID STORIES WHICH CHILDREN COULD REMEMBER. THE THIRD READER TAUGHT THE DEFINITIONS OF WORDS, AND WAS WRITTEN AT A LEVEL EQUIVALENT TO THE MODERN 5TH OR 6TH GRADE. THE FOURTH READER WAS WRITTEN FOR THE HIGHEST LEVELS OF ABILITY ON THE GRAMMAR SCHOOL LEVEL, WHICH STUDENTS COMPLETED WITH THIS BOOK.


MCGUFFEY'S READERS WERE AMONG THE FIRST TEXTBOOKS IN AMERICA THAT WERE DESIGNED TO BECOME PROGRESSIVELY MORE CHALLENGING WITH EACH VOLUME. THEY USED WORD REPETITION IN THE TEXT AS A LEARNING TOOL, WHICH BUILT STRONG READING SKILLS THROUGH CHALLENGING READING. SOUNDING-OUT, ENUNCIATION AND ACCENTS WERE EMPHASIZED. COLONIAL-ERA TEXTS HAD OFFERED DULL LISTS OF 20 TO 100 NEW WORDS PER PAGE FOR MEMORIZATION. IN CONTRAST, MCGUFFEY USED NEW VOCABULARY WORDS IN THE CONTEXT OF REAL LITERATURE, GRADUALLY INTRODUCING NEW WORDS AND CAREFULLY REPEATING THE OLD.


MCGUFFEY BELIEVED THAT TEACHERS SHOULD STUDY THE LESSONS AS WELL AS THEIR STUDENTS AND SUGGESTED THEY READ ALOUD TO THEIR CLASSES. HE ALSO LISTED QUESTIONS AFTER EACH STORY FOR HE BELIEVED IN ORDER FOR A TEACHER TO GIVE INSTRUCTION, ONE MUST ASK QUESTIONS. THE READERS EMPHASIZED SPELLING, VOCABULARY, AND FORMAL PUBLIC SPEAKING, WHICH, IN 19TH CENTURY AMERICA, WAS A MORE COMMON REQUIREMENT THAN TODAY.


HENRY FORD CITED MCGUFFEY'S READERS AS ONE OF HIS MOST IMPORTANT CHILDHOOD INFLUENCES. HE WAS AN AVID FAN OF MCGUFFEY'S READERS FIRST EDITIONS, AND CLAIMED AS AN ADULT TO BE ABLE TO QUOTE FROM MCGUFFEY'S BY MEMORY AT GREAT LENGTH. FORD REPUBLISHED ALL SIX READERS FROM THE 1857 EDITION, AND DISTRIBUTED COMPLETE SETS OF THEM, AT HIS OWN EXPENSE, TO SCHOOLS ACROSS THE UNITED STATES.


MCGUFFEY'S READERS CONTAIN MANY DEROGATORY REFERENCES TO ETHNIC AND RELIGIOUS MINORITIES. FOR EXAMPLE, NATIVE AMERICANS ARE REFERRED TO AS "SAVAGES". THERE ARE THOSE WHO REGARD THE REFERENCES IN THE BOOK TO THE JEWS AND JUDAISM AS ANTI-SEMITIC. FOR INSTANCE, IN NEIL BALDWIN'S HENRY FORD AND THE JEWS, THE AUTHOR MAKES THE CASE THAT HENRY FORD'S SELF-AVOWED ANTI-SEMITISM ORIGINATED WITH HIS STUDY OF MCGUFFEY'S AS A SCHOOLBOY.


BALDWIN CITES NUMEROUS ANTI-SEMITIC REFERENCES TO SHYLOCK AND TO JEWS ATTACKING JESUS AND PAUL. HE ALSO QUOTES THE FOURTH READER TO THE EFFECT THAT "JEWISH AUTHORS WERE INCAPABLE OF THE DICTION AND STRANGERS TO THE MORALITY CONTAINED IN THE GOSPEL." THE READERS FURTHER CHARACTERIZE JEWS AS "CHRIST KILLERS" AND LABELS THEIR REVERENCE OF THE OLD TESTAMENT AS "SUPERSTITIOUS," AND TEACH THAT JEWS HAVE BEEN REJECTED BY GOD FOR BEING "UNFAITHFUL"."


YOU MAY DOWNLOAD TEXT VERSIONS OF THE MCGUFFY'S READER FROM THE FOLLOWING WEBSITE: HTTP://WWW.GUTENBERG.ORG/ETEXT/14640


41 "... THE PHONICS METHOD ... "
"PHONICS REFERS TO AN INSTRUCTIONAL METHOD FOR TEACHING CHILDREN TO READ ENGLISH. PHONICS INVOLVES TEACHING CHILDREN TO CONNECT SOUNDS WITH LETTERS OR GROUPS OF LETTERS (E.G., THAT THE SOUND /K/ CAN BE REPRESENTED BY C, K, OR CK SPELLINGS) AND TEACHING THEM TO BLEND THE SOUNDS OF LETTERS TOGETHER TO PRODUCE APPROXIMATE PRONUNCIATIONS OF UNKNOWN WORDS."

-- REFERENCE: WIKIPEDIA.ORG


42 "... BROUGHT IN A SET OF THE ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA..." "THE ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA IS A GENERAL ENGLISH-LANGUAGE ENCYCLOPAEDIA PUBLISHED BY ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA, INC., A PRIVATELY HELD COMPANY. THE BRITANNICA HAS A POPULAR REPUTATION FOR SUMMARIZING ALL OF HUMAN KNOWLEDGE. TO FURTHER THEIR EDUCATION, MANY HAVE DEVOTED THEMSELVES TO READING THE ENTIRE BRITANNICA, TAKING ANYWHERE FROM THREE TO 22 YEARS TO DO SO. WHEN FAT'H ALI BECAME THE SHAH OF PERSIA IN 1797, HE WAS GIVEN A COMPLETE SET OF THE BRITANNICA'S 3RD EDITION, WHICH HE READ COMPLETELY; AFTER THIS FEAT, HE EXTENDED HIS ROYAL TITLE TO INCLUDE "MOST FORMIDABLE LORD AND MASTER OF THE ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA."


WRITER GEORGE BERNARD SHAW CLAIMED TO HAVE READ THE COMPLETE 9TH EDITION—EXCEPT FOR THE SCIENCE ARTICLES—AND RICHARD EVELYN BYRD TOOK THE BRITANNICA AS READING MATERIAL FOR HIS FIVE-MONTH STAY AT THE SOUTH POLE IN 1934. THE ARTICLES IN THE BRITANNICA ARE AIMED AT EDUCATED ADULT READERS, AND WRITTEN BY A STAFF OF 19 FULL-TIME EDITORS AND OVER 4,000 EXPERT CONTRIBUTORS. IT IS WIDELY PERCEIVED AS THE MOST SCHOLARLY OF ENCYCLOPAEDIAS. SINCE THE 3RD EDITION, THE BRITANNICA HAS ENJOYED A POPULAR AND CRITICAL REPUTATION FOR GENERAL EXCELLENCE. ON THE RELEASE OF THE 14TH EDITION, TIME MAGAZINE DUBBED THE BRITANNICA THE "PATRIARCH OF THE LIBRARY".


IN A RELATED ADVERTISEMENT, NATURALIST WILLIAM BEEBE WAS QUOTED AS SAYING THAT THE BRITANNICA WAS "BEYOND COMPARISON BECAUSE THERE IS NO COMPETITOR." REFERENCES TO THE BRITANNICA CAN BE FOUND THROUGHOUT ENGLISH LITERATURE, MOST NOTABLY IN ONE OF ARTHUR CONAN DOYLE'S FAVORITE SHERLOCK HOLMES STORIES, "THE RED-HEADED LEAGUE"."

-- REFERENCE: WIKIPEDIA.ORG


43 "...HER FAVORITE BOOKS WERE ALICE'S ADVENTURES IN WONDERLAND ..." "ALICE'S ADVENTURES IN WONDERLAND (1865) IS A WORK OF LITERARY NONSENSE WRITTEN BY ENGLISH AUTHOR CHARLES LUTWIDGE DODGSON UNDER THE PSEUDONYM LEWIS CARROLL, CONSIDERED A CLASSIC EXAMPLE OF THE GENRE AND OF ENGLISH LITERATURE IN GENERAL. IT TELLS THE STORY OF A GIRL NAMED ALICE WHO FALLS DOWN A RABBIT-HOLE INTO A FANTASTIC REALM POPULATED BY PECULIAR AND ANTHROPOMORPHIC CREATURES.


THE TALE IS FILLED WITH ALLUSIONS TO DODGSON'S FRIENDS (AND ENEMIES), AND TO THE LESSONS THAT BRITISH SCHOOLCHILDREN WERE EXPECTED TO MEMORIZE. THE TALE PLAYS WITH LOGIC IN WAYS THAT HAVE MADE THE STORY OF LASTING POPULARITY WITH ADULTS AS WELL AS CHILDREN. IT IS CONSIDERED TO BE ONE OF THE MOST CHARACTERISTIC EXAMPLES OF THE GENRE OF LITERARY NONSENSE, AND ITS NARRATIVE COURSE AND STRUCTURE HAS BEEN ENORMOUSLY INFLUENTIAL, MAINLY IN THE FANTASY GENRE."

-- REFERENCE: WIKIPEDIA.ORG


44 "...DON QUIXOTE DE LA MANCHA..." "AN EARLY NOVEL WRITTEN BY SPANISH AUTHOR MIGUEL DE CERVANTES SAAVEDRA. CERVANTES CREATED A FICTIONAL ORIGIN FOR THE STORY BASED UPON A MANUSCRIPT BY THE INVENTED MOORISH HISTORIAN, CIDE HAMETE BENENGELI. THE WORK WAS PUBLISHED IN TWO VOLUMES: THE FIRST IN 1605, AND THE SECOND IN 1614.

THE PROTAGONIST, ALONSO QUIXANO, IS A COUNTRY GENTLEMAN WHO HAS READ SO MANY STORIES OF CHIVALRY THAT HE DESCENDS INTO FANTASY AND BECOMES CONVINCED HE IS A KNIGHT ERRANT. TOGETHER WITH HIS EARTHY SQUIRE SANCHO PANZA, THE SELF-STYLED "DON QUIXOTE DE LA MANCHA" SETS OUT IN SEARCH OF ADVENTURE. THE "LADY" FOR WHOM QUIXOTE SEEKS TO TOIL IS DULCINEA DEL TOBOSO, AN IMAGINARY OBJECT CRAFTED FROM A NEIGHBORING FARM GIRL (HER REAL NAME IS ALDONZA LORENZO) BY THE ILLUSION-STRUCK "KNIGHT" TO BE THE OBJECT OF HIS COURTLY LOVE. "DULCINEA" IS TOTALLY UNAWARE OF QUIXOTE'S FEELINGS FOR HER, NOR DOES SHE ACTUALLY APPEAR IN THE NOVEL.


PUBLISHED IN TWO VOLUMES A DECADE APART, DON QUIXOTE IS THE MOST INFLUENTIAL WORK OF LITERATURE TO EMERGE FROM THE SPANISH GOLDEN AGE AND PERHAPS THE ENTIRE SPANISH LITERARY CANON. AS A FOUNDING WORK OF MODERN WESTERN LITERATURE, IT REGULARLY APPEARS AT OR NEAR THE TOP OF LISTS OF THE GREATEST WORKS OF FICTION EVER PUBLISHED AND IS THE BEST-SELLING NON-RELIGIOUS, NON-POLITICAL WORK OF FICTION OF ALL TIME."
-- REFERENCE: WIKIPEDIA.ORG


45 "...ONE THOUSAND AND ONE NIGHTS... "
"ONE THOUSAND AND ONE NIGHTS (ARABIC: كتاب ألف ليلة وليلة - KITAB 'ALF LAYLAH WA-LAYLAH; PERSIAN: هزار و یک شب - EZAR-O YAK SAB) IS A COLLECTION OF STORIES COLLECTED OVER THOUSANDS OF YEARS BY VARIOUS AUTHORS, TRANSLATORS AND SCHOLARS IN VARIOUS COUNTRIES. THESE COLLECTIONS OF TALES TRACE THEIR ROOTS BACK TO ANCIENT ARABIA AND YEMEN, ANCIENT INDIA, ANCIENT PERSIA (ESPECIALLY THE SASSANID HAZAR AFSAN PERSIAN: هزار افسان , LIT. THOUSAND TALES), ANCIENT EGYPT, ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIAN MYTHOLOGY, ANCIENT SYRIA, AND MEDIEVAL ARABIC FOLK STORIES FROM THE CALIPHATE ERA. THOUGH AN ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT HAS NEVER BEEN FOUND SEVERAL VERSIONS DATE THE COLLECTION'S GENESIS TO SOMEWHERE BETWEEN AD 800-900.


THE MAIN FRAME STORY CONCERNS A PERSIAN KING AND HIS NEW BRIDE. THE KING, SHAHRYAR, UPON DISCOVERING HIS FORMER WIFE'S INFIDELITY HAS HER EXECUTED AND THEN DECLARES ALL WOMEN TO BE UNFAITHFUL. HE BEGINS TO MARRY A SUCCESSION OF VIRGINS ONLY TO EXECUTE EACH ONE THE NEXT MORNING. EVENTUALLY THE VIZIER CANNOT FIND ANY MORE VIRGINS. SCHEHERAZADE, THE VIZIER'S DAUGHTER, OFFERS HERSELF AS THE NEXT BRIDE AND HER FATHER RELUCTANTLY AGREES. ON THE NIGHT OF THEIR MARRIAGE, SCHEHERAZADE TELLS THE KING A TALE, BUT DOES NOT END IT. THE KING IS THUS FORCED TO KEEP HER ALIVE IN ORDER TO HEAR THE CONCLUSION. THE NEXT NIGHT, AS SOON AS SHE FINISHES THE TALE, SHE BEGINS (AND ONLY BEGINS) ANOTHER. SO IT GOES FOR 1,001 NIGHTS.


THE TALES VARY WIDELY: THEY INCLUDE HISTORICAL TALES, LOVE STORIES, TRAGEDIES, COMEDIES, POEMS, BURLESQUES, VARIOUS FORMS OF EROTICA, AND MUSLIM RELIGIOUS LEGENDS. NUMEROUS STORIES DEPICT DJINN, MAGICIANS, AND LEGENDARY PLACES, WHICH ARE OFTEN INTERMINGLED WITH REAL PEOPLE AND GEOGRAPHY; THE HISTORICAL CALIPH HARUN AL-RASHID IS A COMMON PROTAGONIST, AS ARE HIS ALLEGED COURT POET ABU NUWAS AND HIS VIZIER, JA'FAR AL-BARMAKI. SOMETIMES A CHARACTER IN SCHEHERAZADE'S TALE WILL BEGIN TELLING OTHER CHARACTERS A STORY OF HIS OWN, AND THAT STORY MAY HAVE ANOTHER ONE TOLD WITHIN IT, RESULTING IN A RICHLY-LAYERED NARRATIVE TEXTURE.


THE DIFFERENT VERSIONS HAVE DIFFERENT INDIVIDUALLY DETAILED ENDINGS (IN SOME SCHEHERAZADE ASKS FOR A PARDON, IN SOME THE KING SEES THEIR CHILDREN AND DECIDES NOT TO EXECUTE HIS WIFE, IN SOME OTHER THINGS HAPPEN THAT MAKE THE KING DISTRACTED) BUT THEY ALL END WITH THE KING GIVING HIS WIFE A PARDON AND SPARING HER LIFE.


THE NARRATOR'S STANDARDS FOR WHAT CONSTITUTES A CLIFFHANGER SEEM BROADER THAN IN MODERN LITERATURE. WHILE IN MANY CASES A STORY IS CUT OFF WITH THE HERO IN DANGER OF LOSING HIS LIFE OR ANOTHER KIND OF DEEP TROUBLE, IN SOME PARTS OF THE FULL TEXT SCHEHERAZADE STOPS HER NARRATION IN THE MIDDLE OF AN EXPOSITION OF ABSTRACT PHILOSOPHICAL PRINCIPLES OR COMPLEX POINTS OF ISLAMIC PHILOSOPHY, AND IN ONE CASE DURING A DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF HUMAN ANATOMY ACCORDING TO GALEN—AND IN ALL THESE CASES TURNS OUT TO BE JUSTIFIED IN HER BELIEF THAT THE KING'S CURIOSITY ABOUT THE SEQUEL WOULD BUY HER ANOTHER DAY OF LIFE.


THE INDIAN FOLKLORE IS REPRESENTED BY CERTAIN ANIMAL STORIES, WHICH REFLECT INFLUENCE FROM ANCIENT SANSKRIT FABLES. THE JATAKA IS A COLLECTION OF 547 STORIES, WHICH ARE FOR THE MOST PART MORAL STORIES WITH AN ETHICAL PURPOSE. THE TALE OF THE BULL AND THE ASS AND THE LINKED TALE OF THE MERCHANT AND HIS WIFE ARE FOUND IN THE FRAME STORIES OF BOTH THE JATAKA AND THE ARABIAN NIGHTS."
-- REFERENCE: WIKIPEDIA.ORG

BACK TO CONTENTS


◯
ⵙ
◯


STNETNOC OT KCAB

GRO.AIDEPIKIW :ECNEREFER --
".STHGIN NAIBARA EHT DNA AKATAJ EHT HTOB FO SEIROTS EMARF EHT NI DNUOF ERA EFIW SIH DNA TNAHCREM EHT FO ELAT DEKNIL EHT DNA SSA EHT DNA LLUB EHT FO ELAT EHT .ESOPRUP LACIHTE NA HTIW SEIROTS LAROM TRAP TSOM EHT ROF ERA HCIHW ,SEIROTS 745 FO NOITCELLOC A SI AKATAJ EHT .SELBAF TIRKSNAS TNEICNA MORF ECNEULFNI TCELFER HCIHW ,SEIROTS LAMINA NIATREC YB DETNESERPER SI EROLKLOF NAIDNI EHT


.EFIL FO YAD REHTONA REH YUB DLUOW LEUQES EHT TUOBA YTISOIRUC S'GNIK EHT TAHT FEILEB REH NI DEIFITSUJ EB OT TUO SNRUT SESAC ESEHT LLA NI DNA—NELAG OT GNIDROCCA YMOTANA NAMUH FO NOITPIRCSED DELIATED A GNIRUD ESAC ENO NI DNA ,YHPOSOLIHP CIMALSI FO STNIOP XELPMOC RO SELPICNIRP LACIHPOSOLIHP TCARTSBA FO NOITISOPXE NA FO ELDDIM EHT NI NOITARRAN REH SPOTS EDAZAREHEHCS TXET LLUF EHT FO STRAP EMOS NI ,ELBUORT PEED FO DNIK REHTONA RO EFIL SIH GNISOL FO REGNAD NI OREH EHT HTIW FFO TUC SI YROTS A SESAC YNAM NI ELIHW .ERUTARETIL NREDOM NI NAHT REDAORB MEES REGNAHFFILC A SETUTITSNOC TAHW ROF SDRADNATS S'ROTARRAN EHT


.EFIL REH GNIRAPS DNA NODRAP A EFIW SIH GNIVIG GNIK EHT HTIW DNE LLA YEHT TUB )DETCARTSID GNIK EHT EKAM TAHT NEPPAH SGNIHT REHTO EMOS NI ,EFIW SIH ETUCEXE OT TON SEDICED DNA NERDLIHC RIEHT SEES GNIK EHT EMOS NI ,NODRAP A ROF SKSA EDAZAREHEHCS EMOS NI( SGNIDNE DELIATED YLLAUDIVIDNI TNEREFFID EVAH SNOISREV TNEREFFID EHT


.ERUTXET EVITARRAN DEREYAL-YLHCIR A NI GNITLUSER ,TI NIHTIW DLOT ENO REHTONA EVAH YAM YROTS TAHT DNA ,NWO SIH FO YROTS A SRETCARAHC REHTO GNILLET NIGEB LLIW ELAT S'EDAZAREHEHCS NI RETCARAHC A SEMITEMOS .IKAMRAB-LA RAF'AJ ,REIZIV SIH DNA SAWUN UBA TEOP TRUOC DEGELLA SIH ERA SA ,TSINOGATORP NOMMOC A SI DIHSAR-LA NURAH HPILAC LACIROTSIH EHT ;YHPARGOEG DNA ELPOEP LAER HTIW DELGNIMRETNI NETFO ERA HCIHW ,SECALP YRADNEGEL DNA ,SNAICIGAM ,NNIJD TCIPED SEIROTS SUOREMUN .SDNEGEL SUOIGILER MILSUM DNA ,ACITORE FO SMROF SUOIRAV ,SEUQSELRUB ,SMEOP ,SEIDEMOC ,SEIDEGART ,SEIROTS EVOL ,SELAT LACIROTSIH EDULCNI YEHT :YLEDIW YRAV SELAT EHT


.STHGIN 100,1 ROF SEOG TI OS .REHTONA )SNIGEB YLNO DNA( SNIGEB EHS ,ELAT EHT SEHSINIF EHS SA NOOS SA ,THGIN TXEN EHT .NOISULCNOC EHT RAEH OT REDRO NI EVILA REH PEEK OT DECROF SUHT SI GNIK EHT .TI DNE TON SEOD TUB ,ELAT A GNIK EHT SLLET EDAZAREHEHCS ,EGAIRRAM RIEHT FO THGIN EHT NO .SEERGA YLTNATCULER REHTAF REH DNA EDIRB TXEN EHT SA FLESREH SREFFO ,RETHGUAD S'REIZIV EHT ,EDAZAREHEHCS .SNIGRIV EROM YNA DNIF TONNAC REIZIV EHT YLLAUTNEVE .GNINROM TXEN EHT ENO HCAE ETUCEXE OT YLNO SNIGRIV FO NOISSECCUS A YRRAM OT SNIGEB EH .LUFHTIAFNU EB OT NEMOW LLA SERALCED NEHT DNA DETUCEXE REH SAH YTILEDIFNI S'EFIW REMROF SIH GNIREVOCSID NOPU ,RAYRHAHS ,GNIK EHT .EDIRB WEN SIH DNA GNIK NAISREP A SNRECNOC YROTS EMARF NIAM EHT


.009-008 DA NEEWTEB EREHWEMOS OT SISENEG S'NOITCELLOC EHT ETAD SNOISREV LAREVES DNUOF NEEB REVEN SAH TPIRCSUNAM LANIGIRO NA HGUOHT .ARE ETAHPILAC EHT MORF SEIROTS KLOF CIBARA LAVEIDEM DNA ,AIRYS TNEICNA ,YGOLOHTYM NAIMATOPOSEM TNEICNA ,TPYGE TNEICNA ,)SELAT DNASUOHT .TIL , ناسفا رازه :NAISREP NASFA RAZAH DINASSAS EHT YLLAICEPSE( AISREP TNEICNA ,AIDNI TNEICNA ,NEMEY DNA AIBARA TNEICNA OT KCAB STOOR RIEHT ECART SELAT FO SNOITCELLOC ESEHT .SEIRTNUOC SUOIRAV NI SRALOHCS DNA SROTALSNART ,SROHTUA SUOIRAV YB SRAEY FO SDNASUOHT REVO DETCELLOC SEIROTS FO NOITCELLOC A SI )BAS KAY O-RAZE - بش کی و رازه :NAISREP ;HALYAL-AW HALYAL FLA' BATIK - ةليلو ةليل فلأ باتك :CIBARA( STHGIN ENO DNA DNASUOHT ENO"
" ...STHGIN ENO DNA DNASUOHT ENO..." 54


GRO.AIDEPIKIW :ECNEREFER --
".EMIT LLA FO NOITCIF FO KROW LACITILOP-NON ,SUOIGILER-NON GNILLES-TSEB EHT SI DNA DEHSILBUP REVE NOITCIF FO SKROW TSETAERG EHT FO STSIL FO POT EHT RAEN RO TA SRAEPPA YLRALUGER TI ,ERUTARETIL NRETSEW NREDOM FO KROW GNIDNUOF A SA .NONAC YRARETIL HSINAPS ERITNE EHT SPAHREP DNA EGA NEDLOG HSINAPS EHT MORF EGREME OT ERUTARETIL FO KROW LAITNEULFNI TSOM EHT SI ETOXIUQ NOD ,TRAPA EDACED A SEMULOV OWT NI DEHSILBUP


.LEVON EHT NI RAEPPA YLLAUTCA EHS SEOD RON ,REH ROF SGNILEEF S'ETOXIUQ FO ERAWANU YLLATOT SI "AENICLUD" .EVOL YLTRUOC SIH FO TCEJBO EHT EB OT "THGINK" KCURTS-NOISULLI EHT YB )OZNEROL AZNODLA SI EMAN LAER REH( LRIG MRAF GNIROBHGIEN A MORF DETFARC TCEJBO YRANIGAMI NA ,OSOBOT LED AENICLUD SI LIOT OT SKEES ETOXIUQ MOHW ROF "YDAL" EHT .ERUTNEVDA FO HCRAES NI TUO STES "AHCNAM AL ED ETOXIUQ NOD" DELYTS-FLES EHT ,AZNAP OHCNAS ERIUQS YHTRAE SIH HTIW REHTEGOT .TNARRE THGINK A SI EH DECNIVNOC SEMOCEB DNA YSATNAF OTNI SDNECSED EH TAHT YRLAVIHC FO SEIROTS YNAM OS DAER SAH OHW NAMELTNEG YRTNUOC A SI ,ONAXIUQ OSNOLA ,TSINOGATORP EHT

.4161 NI DNOCES EHT DNA ,5061 NI TSRIF EHT :SEMULOV OWT NI DEHSILBUP SAW KROW EHT .ILEGNENEB ETEMAH EDIC ,NAIROTSIH HSIROOM DETNEVNI EHT YB TPIRCSUNAM A NOPU DESAB YROTS EHT ROF NIGIRO LANOITCIF A DETAERC SETNAVREC .ARDEVAAS SETNAVREC ED LEUGIM ROHTUA HSINAPS YB NETTIRW LEVON YLRAE NA" "...AHCNAM AL ED ETOXIUQ NOD..." 44


GRO.AIDEPIKIW :ECNEREFER --

".ERNEG YSATNAF EHT NI YLNIAM ,LAITNEULFNI YLSUOMRONE NEEB SAH ERUTCURTS DNA ESRUOC EVITARRAN STI DNA ,ESNESNON YRARETIL FO ERNEG EHT FO SELPMAXE CITSIRETCARAHC TSOM EHT FO ENO EB OT DEREDISNOC SI TI .NERDLIHC SA LLEW SA STLUDA HTIW YTIRALUPOP GNITSAL FO YROTS EHT EDAM EVAH TAHT SYAW NI CIGOL HTIW SYALP ELAT EHT .EZIROMEM OT DETCEPXE EREW NERDLIHCLOOHCS HSITIRB TAHT SNOSSEL EHT OT DNA ,)SEIMENE DNA( SDNEIRF S'NOSGDOD OT SNOISULLA HTIW DELLIF SI ELAT EHT


.SERUTAERC CIHPROMOPORHTNA DNA RAILUCEP YB DETALUPOP MLAER CITSATNAF A OTNI ELOH-TIBBAR A NWOD SLLAF OHW ECILA DEMAN LRIG A FO YROTS EHT SLLET TI .LARENEG NI ERUTARETIL HSILGNE FO DNA ERNEG EHT FO ELPMAXE CISSALC A DEREDISNOC ,LLORRAC SIWEL MYNODUESP EHT REDNU NOSGDOD EGDIWTUL SELRAHC ROHTUA HSILGNE YB NETTIRW ESNESNON YRARETIL FO KROW A SI )5681( DNALREDNOW NI SERUTNEVDA S'ECILA" "... DNALREDNOW NI SERUTNEVDA S'ECILA EREW SKOOB ETIROVAF REH..." 34


GRO.AIDEPIKIW :ECNEREFER --

"."EUGAEL DEDAEH-DER EHT" ,SEIROTS SEMLOH KCOLREHS ETIROVAF S'ELYOD NANOC RUHTRA FO ENO NI YLBATON TSOM ,ERUTARETIL HSILGNE TUOHGUORHT DNUOF EB NAC ACINNATIRB EHT OT SECNEREFER ".ROTITEPMOC ON SI EREHT ESUACEB NOSIRAPMOC DNOYEB" SAW ACINNATIRB EHT TAHT GNIYAS SA DETOUQ SAW EBEEB MAILLIW TSILARUTAN ,TNEMESITREVDA DETALER A NI


."YRARBIL EHT FO HCRAIRTAP" EHT ACINNATIRB EHT DEBBUD ENIZAGAM EMIT ,NOITIDE HT41 EHT FO ESAELER EHT NO .ECNELLECXE LARENEG ROF NOITATUPER LACITIRC DNA RALUPOP A DEYOJNE SAH ACINNATIRB EHT ,NOITIDE DR3 EHT ECNIS .SAIDEAPOLCYCNE FO YLRALOHCS TSOM EHT SA DEVIECREP YLEDIW SI TI .SROTUBIRTNOC TREPXE 000,4 REVO DNA SROTIDE EMIT-LLUF 91 FO FFATS A YB NETTIRW DNA ,SREDAER TLUDA DETACUDE TA DEMIA ERA ACINNATIRB EHT NI SELCITRA EHT .4391 NI ELOP HTUOS EHT TA YATS HTNOM-EVIF SIH ROF LAIRETAM GNIDAER SA ACINNATIRB EHT KOOT DRYB NYLEVE DRAHCIR DNA—SELCITRA ECNEICS EHT ROF TPECXE—NOITIDE HT9 ETELPMOC EHT DAER EVAH OT DEMIALC WAHS DRANREB EGROEG RETIRW


".ACINNATIRB AIDÆPOLCYCNE EHT FO RETSAM DNA DROL ELBADIMROF TSOM" EDULCNI OT ELTIT LAYOR SIH DEDNETXE EH ,TAEF SIHT RETFA ;YLETELPMOC DAER EH HCIHW ,NOITIDE DR3 S'ACINNATIRB EHT FO TES ETELPMOC A NEVIG SAW EH ,7971 NI AISREP FO HAHS EHT EMACEB ILA H'TAF NEHW .OS OD OT SRAEY 22 OT EERHT MORF EREHWYNA GNIKAT ,ACINNATIRB ERITNE EHT GNIDAER OT SEVLESMEHT DETOVED EVAH YNAM ,NOITACUDE RIEHT REHTRUF OT .EGDELWONK NAMUH FO LLA GNIZIRAMMUS ROF NOITATUPER RALUPOP A SAH ACINNATIRB EHT .YNAPMOC DLEH YLETAVIRP A ,.CNI ,ACINNATIRB AIDÆPOLCYCNE YB DEHSILBUP AIDEAPOLCYCNE EGAUGNAL-HSILGNE LARENEG A SI ACINNATIRB AIDÆPOLCYCNE EHT" "...ACINNATIRB AIDEPOLCYCNE EHT FO TES A NI THGUORB ..." 24


GRO.AIDEPIKIW :ECNEREFER --

".SDROW NWONKNU FO SNOITAICNUNORP ETAMIXORPPA ECUDORP OT REHTEGOT SRETTEL FO SDNUOS EHT DNELB OT MEHT GNIHCAET DNA )SGNILLEPS KC RO ,K ,C YB DETNESERPER EB NAC /K/ DNUOS EHT TAHT ,.G.E( SRETTEL FO SPUORG RO SRETTEL HTIW SDNUOS TCENNOC OT NERDLIHC GNIHCAET SEVLOVNI SCINOHP .HSILGNE DAER OT NERDLIHC GNIHCAET ROF DOHTEM LANOITCURTSNI NA OT SREFER SCINOHP"
" ... DOHTEM SCINOHP EHT ..." 14


04641/TXETE/GRO.GREBNETUG.WWW//:PTTH :ETISBEW GNIWOLLOF EHT MORF REDAER S'YFFUGCM EHT FO SNOISREV TXET DAOLNWOD YAM UOY


"."LUFHTIAFNU" GNIEB ROF DOG YB DETCEJER NEEB EVAH SWEJ TAHT HCAET DNA ",SUOITITSREPUS" SA TNEMATSET DLO EHT FO ECNEREVER RIEHT SLEBAL DNA "SRELLIK TSIRHC" SA SWEJ EZIRETCARAHC REHTRUF SREDAER EHT ".LEPSOG EHT NI DENIATNOC YTILAROM EHT OT SREGNARTS DNA NOITCID EHT FO ELBAPACNI EREW SROHTUA HSIWEJ" TAHT TCEFFE EHT OT REDAER HTRUOF EHT SETOUQ OSLA EH .LUAP DNA SUSEJ GNIKCATTA SWEJ OT DNA KCOLYHS OT SECNEREFER CITIMES-ITNA SUOREMUN SETIC NIWDLAB


.YOBLOOHCS A SA S'YEFFUGCM FO YDUTS SIH HTIW DETANIGIRO MSITIMES-ITNA DEWOVA-FLES S'DROF YRNEH TAHT ESAC EHT SEKAM ROHTUA EHT ,SWEJ EHT DNA DROF YRNEH S'NIWDLAB LIEN NI ,ECNATSNI ROF .CITIMES-ITNA SA MSIADUJ DNA SWEJ EHT OT KOOB EHT NI SECNEREFER EHT DRAGER OHW ESOHT ERA EREHT ."SEGAVAS" SA OT DERREFER ERA SNACIREMA EVITAN ,ELPMAXE ROF .SEITIRONIM SUOIGILER DNA CINHTE OT SECNEREFER YROTAGORED YNAM NIATNOC SREDAER S'YEFFUGCM


.SETATS DETINU EHT SSORCA SLOOHCS OT ,ESNEPXE NWO SIH TA ,MEHT FO STES ETELPMOC DETUBIRTSID DNA ,NOITIDE 7581 EHT MORF SREDAER XIS LLA DEHSILBUPER DROF .HTGNEL TAERG TA YROMEM YB S'YEFFUGCM MORF ETOUQ OT ELBA EB OT TLUDA NA SA DEMIALC DNA ,SNOITIDE TSRIF SREDAER S'YEFFUGCM FO NAF DIVA NA SAW EH .SECNEULFNI DOOHDLIHC TNATROPMI TSOM SIH FO ENO SA SREDAER S'YEFFUGCM DETIC DROF YRNEH


.YADOT NAHT TNEMERIUQER NOMMOC EROM A SAW ,ACIREMA YRUTNEC HT91 NI ,HCIHW ,GNIKAEPS CILBUP LAMROF DNA ,YRALUBACOV ,GNILLEPS DEZISAHPME SREDAER EHT .SNOITSEUQ KSA TSUM ENO ,NOITCURTSNI EVIG OT REHCAET A ROF REDRO NI DEVEILEB EH ROF YROTS HCAE RETFA SNOITSEUQ DETSIL OSLA EH .SESSALC RIEHT OT DUOLA DAER YEHT DETSEGGUS DNA STNEDUTS RIEHT SA LLEW SA SNOSSEL EHT YDUTS DLUOHS SREHCAET TAHT DEVEILEB YEFFUGCM


.DLO EHT GNITAEPER YLLUFERAC DNA SDROW WEN GNICUDORTNI YLLAUDARG ,ERUTARETIL LAER FO TXETNOC EHT NI SDROW YRALUBACOV WEN DESU YEFFUGCM ,TSARTNOC NI .NOITAZIROMEM ROF EGAP REP SDROW WEN 001 OT 02 FO STSIL LLUD DEREFFO DAH STXET ARE-LAINOLOC .DEZISAHPME EREW STNECCA DNA NOITAICNUNE ,TUO-GNIDNUOS .GNIDAER GNIGNELLAHC HGUORHT SLLIKS GNIDAER GNORTS TLIUB HCIHW ,LOOT GNINRAEL A SA TXET EHT NI NOITITEPER DROW DESU YEHT .EMULOV HCAE HTIW GNIGNELLAHC EROM YLEVISSERGORP EMOCEB OT DENGISED EREW TAHT ACIREMA NI SKOOBTXET TSRIF EHT GNOMA EREW SREDAER S'YEFFUGCM


.KOOB SIHT HTIW DETELPMOC STNEDUTS HCIHW ,LEVEL LOOHCS RAMMARG EHT NO YTILIBA FO SLEVEL TSEHGIH EHT ROF NETTIRW SAW REDAER HTRUOF EHT .EDARG HT6 RO HT5 NREDOM EHT OT TNELAVIUQE LEVEL A TA NETTIRW SAW DNA ,SDROW FO SNOITINIFED EHT THGUAT REDAER DRIHT EHT .REBMEMER DLUOC NERDLIHC HCIHW SEIROTS DIVIV GNIDIVORP ELIHW SECNETNES FO GNINAEM EHT DNATSREDNU OT MEHT DEPLEH DNA ,DAER DLUOC TNEDUTS EHT ECNO YALP OTNI EMAC REDAER DNOCES EHT .KROW ETALS HTIW DEDIA DNA ,SDROW OTNI TNEMEGNARRA RIEHT DNA SRETTEL FO NOITACIFITNEDI EHT ,DOHTEM SCINOHP EHT GNISU YB GNIDAER THGUAT REDAER TSRIF EHT


.ELBIB EHT FO SKOOB ERITNE DNIM OT TIMMOC DLUOC DNA ,EZIROMEM OT YTILIBA ELBAKRAMER A DAH EH .SLOOHCS REITNORF FO NOISSECCUS A NI KEEW A SYAD 6 ,YAD A SRUOH 11 DEKROW NETFO YEFFUGCM .ENO-YTNEWT OT XIS MORF DEIRAV SEGA S'NERDLIHC ,SLOOHCS REHCAET-ENO YNAM NI .YEFFUGCM GNUOY EHT YB DECAF SEGNELLAHC LAREVES FO ENO TSUJ SAW SSALC EHT FO EZIS EHT .OIHO ,ATTUCLAC NI LOOHCS MOOR ENO A NI STNEDUTS 84 HTIW GNINNIGEB ,41 FO EGA EHT TA REHCAET "GNIVOR" A EMACEB YEFFUGCM


.SEIPOC 000,000,521 REVO DLOS SREDAER YEFFUGCM EHT .9381 NI ITANNICNIC NI ECIFFO WAL A DENEPO DNA EERGED WAL SIH NO GNIKROW ELIHW LOOHCS THGUAT REDNAXELA .REDAER HTFIF EHT ROF YTILIBISNOPSER ELOS DAH DNA RELLEPS A DELIPMOC OSLA OHW ,YEFFUGCM NOTLIMAH REDNAXELA ,REHTORB SIH YB DETSISSA SAW EH ,YEFFUGCM SEMLOH MAILLIW YB ESEHT NO ENOD KROW EHT OT NOITIDDA NI .NERDLIHC LOOHCS ROF SREDAER FO SEIRES A ETIRW OT DEHCAORPPA SAW YEFFUGCM NEHW IMAIM TA SRAEY SIH GNIRUD SAW TI


.9281 NI RETSINIM NAIRETYBSERP A SA DENIADRO SAW EH .AINIGRIV FO YTISREVINU EHT TA YHPOSOLIHP LAROM FO ROSSEFORP A EMACEB EH NEHW ,5481 LITNU 3481 MORF EGELLOC DRAWDOOW TA THGUAT YEFFUGCM ,ITANNICNIC OT GNINRUTER .)3481-9381( YTISREVINU OIHO DNA )9381-6381( EGELLOC ITANNICNIC FO TNEDISERP SA DEVRES NEHT EH .6381 NI NOITANGISER SIH LITNU 6281 MORF YTISREVINU IMAIM TA SEGAUGNAL TNEICNA FO ROSSEFORP A SAW EH .41 FO EGA EHT TA LOOHCS GNIHCAET NAGEB OHW YEFFUGCM SEMLOH MAILLIW YB NETTIRW EREW SREDAER CITCELCE S'YEFFUGCM"
"...SREDAER CITCELCE S'YEFFUGCM..." 04

SETONTOOF


".EROM HCUM WOH REVOCSID NOOS DLUOW I .DETRATS EW NEHW TIMDA OT GNILLIW SAW EHS NAHT HTRAE FO YROTSIH DNA ERUTLUC EHT TUOBA EROM TOL A NWONK YDAERLA DAH EHS KNIHT I ,YLLANOSREP


.TCELLETNI GNITARTENEP YREV A DAH EHS TAHT DEWOHS SNOITSEUQ REH FO YTELTBUS DNA GNIDNATSREDNU XELPMOC FO HTPED EHT .SEITINAMUH EHT TUOBA EREW SNOITSEUQ REH FO WEF A .SGNIHT CIFITNEICS DNA LACINHCET HTIW OD OT DAH ESEHT FO TSOM .SREWSNA ROF MOOR RETUO EHT NI ELPOEP EHT HTIW DETLUSNOC I OS ,SNOITSEUQ REH FO TOL A REWSNA TON DLUOC I


.REWOP RO LLIKS TAERG NAHT NOITANIGAMI DNA TIRIPS TAERG EVAH OT TNATROPMI EROM SI TI TAHT DEWOHS SEIROTS ESEHT FO SROHTUA EHT DIAS EHS .)ETONTOOF( 54 "STHGIN ENO DNA DNASUOHT ENO" DNA )ETONTOOF( 44 "AHCNAM AL ED ETOXIUQ NOD" ,)ETONTOOF( 34 "DNALREDNOW NI SERUTNEVDA S'ECILA" ERA SKOOB ETIROVAF REH TAHT EM DLOT LRIA ,YLDDO


.GNIDAER SAW EHS SKOOB EHT NI GNIHTEMOS YFIRALC OT RO TXETNOC FO ESNES A REH EVIG OT TNAEM YLLAUSU EREW SNOITSEUQ EHT .EM DEKSA EHS NOITSEUQ LANOISACCO NA ROF TPECXE ,SU NEEWTEB NOITACINUMMOC HCUM TUOHTIW TNEPS NEEB DAH KEEW GNIWOLLOF EHT GNIRUD EMIT TAHT FO TSOM ,YAD HCAE SRUOH 41 OT 21 ROF LRIA HTIW YATS OT DEUNITNOC I HGUOHTLA


.SNOITSEUQ RO TNEMMOC TUOHTIW REVOC OT REVOC MORF DAER EHS HCIHW ,OSLA ELBIB YLOH EHT FO YPOC A DEVIECER EHS TAHT ERUS EDAM I ,ESRUOC FO .YGOLOEAHCRA DNA YROTSIH NAMUH TUOBA SKOOB 05 TSAEL TA DAER DAH TSUM EHS KNIHT I .YROTSIH YLLAICEPSE ,SEITINAMUH EHT NI STCEJBUS NO SKOOB YNAM TAERG A DAER OT DEKSA OSLA LRIA .ERUTARETIL FO SCISSALC EHT DNA YRTEOP ,SLEVON ,SKOOB NOITCIF DAER OT NAGEB EHS RETAL


.HTROF OS DNA ,SLAUNAM LACINHCET SUOIRAV ,SCITAMEHTAM ,GNIREENIGNE ,YGRULLATEM ,YMONORTSA EKIL ,TUOBA GNIHTYNA WONK OT DETNAW REVEN I SGNIHT LACINHCET YREV REHTO YNAM DNA ,ENIGAMI DLUOC I TCEJBUS YREVE DEIDUTS EHS !MEHT FO DERDNUH LAREVES HGUORHT DAER DAH EHS EROFEB SYAD EROM WEF A NAHT EROM T'NSAW TI ESUACEB ,EMUSERP I ,YRTNUOC EHT REVO LLA SEIRARBIL MORF NI THGUORB EREW SKOOB SYAD XIS TXEN EHT REVO


.GNIYDUTS SAW EHS GNIHT EHT FO ERUTCIP A EES DLUOC EHS FI GNINAEM EHT DNATSREDNU OT REISAE HCUM SAW TI ESUACEB SGNIWARD DNA SHPARGOTOHP HTIW SKOOB ECNEREFER DNA SKOOB ERUTCIP EROM YNAM DETSEUQER EHS ,TAHT RETFA .SERUTCIP FO TOL A DAH TI ESUACEB SIHT DEYOJNE YLLAICEPSE LRIA )ETONTOOF( 24 .ACINNATIRB AIDEPOLCYCNE EHT FO TES A NI THGUORB ELBWEN .RM ,TXEN


.MAERTS YDAETS A NI REH OT THGUORB EB SKOOB ECNEREFER TAHT GNITSEUQER ,REH ROF REIRUOC A SA GNITCA SAW BOJ YM NO NEHT MORF .TAHT RETFA YLLAUNITNOC YRANOITCID EHT DETLUSNOC LRIA .DERETNUOCNE EHS SDROW WEN PU KOOL OT YRANOITCID A ESU OT WOH REH DEWOHS I .FLESREH YB YDUTS DNA DAER OT ELBA SAW LRIA ,SNOSSEL ESEHT FO DNE EHT TA .HSILGNE NI EM TA "KNIHT" OT ELBA WON SAW EHS ,HTIW KAEPS OT HTUOM A EVAH TON DID LRIA HGUOHTLA


.REH OT GNIDAER EUNITNOC OT EM ROF SSELTNIOP EMACEB TI LITNU ETARELECCA OT DEUNITNOC NRETTAP SIHT .SEGAP TXEN EHT OTNI LLEW SAW DNA SNOSSEL SUOIVERP EHT DEZIROMEM YDAERLA DAH EHS ,FFO TFEL D'EW EREHW NIGEB OT GNINROM HCAE DENRUTER I NEHW .DEREVOC YDAERLA DAH EW SNOSSEL EHT GNIWEIVER ,MOOR WEIVRETNI EHT NI RIAHC DEFFUTSREVO EHT NI GNITTIS DENIAMER EHS DAETSNI .PEELS TON DID EHS .GNIHTYNA ROF SKAERB EKAT TON DID LRIA


.TRAP YM NO SKAERB TSER DNA SLAEM WEF A ROF TPECXE ,NOITPURRETNI TUOHTIW SYAD EVITUCESNOC 3 ROF YAD A SRUOH 41 ROF SSECORP SIHT DEUNITNOC EW .DESSERGORP EW SA GNINAEM DNA ELBALLYS ,DNUOS ,RETTEL YREVE BROSBA DNA DNATSREDNU OT DEMEES LRIA ,SSELEHTENON .SDRADNATS S'YADOT YB DETADTUO YREV ERA YEHT HGUOHTLA ,THGUAT GNIEB STCEJBUS DNA SEIROTS EHT FO SNOITARTSULLI ELPMIS ,TNELLECXE DAH SKOOB EHT FO HCAE .SREDAER S'YEFFUGCM FO SEIRES EHT NI KOOB EVISSECCUS HCAE MORF REH OT DUOLA GNIDAER MOOR WEIVRETNI EHT NI LRIA OT TXEN TAS I ,DETCURTSNI SA


!OGA SRAEY 002 REVO ECNEDNEPEDNI FO NOITARALCED EHT ETORW SREHTAF GNIDNUOF RUO ECNIS EGAUGNAL NWO RUO FO TOL A TSOL EVAH EW KNIHT I .EGA NREDOM RUO NI YLNOMMOC ESU ELPOEP SDROW FO REBMUN DETIMIL YLEVITALER EHT OT DERAPMOC DECNAVDA YREV SAW KOOB EHT NI DESU YRALUBACOV EHT TAHT DEREVOCSID OSLA I


!ENOYNA OT KOOB SIHT DNEMMOCER DLUOW I ,YLLANOSREP .STNERAP ROF TCEPSER DNA ,DOG ROF ECNEREVER ,MSITOIRTAP ,EGARUOC ,KROW DRAH ,TFIRHT ,YTIRAHC ,YTSENOH EKIL SEUTRIV ETARTSULLI OT SNOITANALPXE DOOG YREV EVAG YEHT DNA EMOSELOHW YREV EREW SEIROTS EHT FO LLA


.ENOYREVE YB DECITCARP EB DLUOHS TAHT EUTRIV A SI YTISORENEG TAHT WONK LLA EW .HGUOHT ELPOEP YHTLAEW FO YLNO DETCEPXE SI YTIRAHC TAHT EVEILEB OT UOY HCAET YLIRASSECEN TON OD SKOOB EHT .TFIG ECIN A REH SEVIG TNAHCREM EHT ,TSENOH EB OT FLESREH SEVORP WODIW EHT NEHW ,RETAL .DEEN NI WODIW A SDNEIRFEB OHW TNAHCREM A TUOBA ELAT YTILAROM A FO DNIK S'TI


."TNAHCREM EHT DNA WODIW EHT" SAW REBMEMER I SEIROTS EHT FO ENO .SAEDI ESOHT NO DEDNAPXE "SREDAER HTXIS DNA HTFIF ,HTRUOF ,DRIHT" EHT .SLAMINA DNA ,SDNEIRF ,SREHCAET ,SREBMEM YLIMAF HTIW PIHSNOITALER RIEHT NI NERDLIHC ERUTCIP "SREDAER DNOCES DNA TSRIF" EHT NI SEIROTS EHT TAHT DEREVOCSID I


.DROW HCAE ROF NOITAICNUNORP TCERROC EHT WOHS OT SGNIKRAM HTIW DNA ESICREXE GNIDAER EHT NI DESU SDROW FO YDUTS A HTIW SNIGEB NOSSEL HCAE .SRETTEL HTIW SDNUOS TCENNOC OT NERDLIHC GNIHCAET SEVLOVNI HCIHW )ETONTOOF( 14 DOHTEM SCINOHP EHT GNISU ,SDROW ECNUONORP DNA MROF OT EGAUGNAL EHT FO SKCOLB GNIDLIUB EHT ESU OT ,PETS YB PETS ,THGUAT NEHT EREW NERDLIHC .ECNEUQES NI ,DEZIROMEM EB OT TEBAHPLA EHT FO SRETTEL EHT GNITNESERP YB "REMIRP EHT" NI SNIGEB ESRUOC LANOITACUDE S'YEFFUGCM


.GNOL OS ROF NERDLIHC NACIREMA REVO ECNEULFNI HCUM OS DAH REVE SKOOB REHTO ON .DAER OT WOH NERDLIHC LOOHCS NACIREMA LLA FO SHTFIF-RUOF TUOBA HCAET OT YRUTNEC A FO SRETRAUQ-EERHT ROF DESU EREW SKOOB ESEHT FO NOISREV 6381 LANIGIRO EHT ESUACEB SAW SKOOB RALUCITRAP ESEHT ESOHC EH NOSAER EHT DIAS EH .NEILA EHT HCAET OT SKOOB EHT ESU OT WOH NO - YAD ERITNE NA KOOT TAHT ESRUOC A - GNIFEIRB EVISNETXE NA EM EVAG OSLA SKOOB EHT EM EVAG OHW TREPXE EGAUGNAL EHT ,REHCAET A TON DNA ,ESRUN A MA I ECNIS


)ETONTOOF( 04 ."HTXIS HGUORHT REMIRP ,REDAER CITCELCE S'YEFFUGCM" DELLAC SI TI .ACIREMA FO SREITNORF EHT NO S0081 EHT NI NERDLIHC REENOIP HCAET OT DESU NEEB DAH TAHT KOOB LOOHCS A FO SEGAP TSRIF EHT HTIW SNOSSEL GNIDAER EHT NAGEB I"
)ETON LANOSREP YORLECAM LLENNOD'O ADLITAM(


SNOSSEL GNIDAER - EVIF RETPAHC


◯
⦿
◯


CHAPTER FIVE - READING LESSONS


(MATILDA O'DONNELL MACELROY PERSONAL NOTE)
"I BEGAN THE READING LESSONS WITH THE FIRST PAGES OF A SCHOOL BOOK THAT HAD BEEN USED TO TEACH PIONEER CHILDREN IN THE 1800S ON THE FRONTIERS OF AMERICA. IT IS CALLED "MCGUFFEY'S ECLECTIC READER, PRIMER THROUGH SIXTH". 40 (FOOTNOTE)


SINCE I AM A NURSE, AND NOT A TEACHER, THE LANGUAGE EXPERT WHO GAVE ME THE BOOKS ALSO GAVE ME AN EXTENSIVE BRIEFING - A COURSE THAT TOOK AN ENTIRE DAY - ON HOW TO USE THE BOOKS TO TEACH THE ALIEN. HE SAID THE REASON HE CHOSE THESE PARTICULAR BOOKS WAS BECAUSE THE ORIGINAL 1836 VERSION OF THESE BOOKS WERE USED FOR THREE-QUARTERS OF A CENTURY TO TEACH ABOUT FOUR-FIFTHS OF ALL AMERICAN SCHOOL CHILDREN HOW TO READ. NO OTHER BOOKS EVER HAD SO MUCH INFLUENCE OVER AMERICAN CHILDREN FOR SO LONG.


MCGUFFEY'S EDUCATIONAL COURSE BEGINS IN "THE PRIMER" BY PRESENTING THE LETTERS OF THE ALPHABET TO BE MEMORIZED, IN SEQUENCE. CHILDREN WERE THEN TAUGHT, STEP BY STEP, TO USE THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF THE LANGUAGE TO FORM AND PRONOUNCE WORDS, USING THE PHONICS METHOD 41 (FOOTNOTE) WHICH INVOLVES TEACHING CHILDREN TO CONNECT SOUNDS WITH LETTERS. EACH LESSON BEGINS WITH A STUDY OF WORDS USED IN THE READING EXERCISE AND WITH MARKINGS TO SHOW THE CORRECT PRONUNCIATION FOR EACH WORD.


I DISCOVERED THAT THE STORIES IN THE "FIRST AND SECOND READERS" PICTURE CHILDREN IN THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH FAMILY MEMBERS, TEACHERS, FRIENDS, AND ANIMALS. THE "THIRD, FOURTH, FIFTH AND SIXTH READERS" EXPANDED ON THOSE IDEAS. ONE OF THE STORIES I REMEMBER WAS "THE WIDOW AND THE MERCHANT".


IT'S KIND OF A MORALITY TALE ABOUT A MERCHANT WHO BEFRIENDS A WIDOW IN NEED. LATER, WHEN THE WIDOW PROVES HERSELF TO BE HONEST, THE MERCHANT GIVES HER A NICE GIFT. THE BOOKS DO NOT NECESSARILY TEACH YOU TO BELIEVE THAT CHARITY IS EXPECTED ONLY OF WEALTHY PEOPLE THOUGH. WE ALL KNOW THAT GENEROSITY IS A VIRTUE THAT SHOULD BE PRACTICED BY EVERYONE.


ALL OF THE STORIES WERE VERY WHOLESOME AND THEY GAVE VERY GOOD EXPLANATIONS TO ILLUSTRATE VIRTUES LIKE HONESTY, CHARITY, THRIFT, HARD WORK, COURAGE, PATRIOTISM, REVERENCE FOR GOD, AND RESPECT FOR PARENTS. PERSONALLY, I WOULD RECOMMEND THIS BOOK TO ANYONE!


I ALSO DISCOVERED THAT THE VOCABULARY USED IN THE BOOK WAS VERY ADVANCED COMPARED TO THE RELATIVELY LIMITED NUMBER OF WORDS PEOPLE USE COMMONLY IN OUR MODERN AGE. I THINK WE HAVE LOST A LOT OF OUR OWN LANGUAGE SINCE OUR FOUNDING FATHERS WROTE THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE OVER 200 YEARS AGO!


AS INSTRUCTED, I SAT NEXT TO AIRL IN THE INTERVIEW ROOM READING ALOUD TO HER FROM EACH SUCCESSIVE BOOK IN THE SERIES OF MCGUFFEY'S READERS. EACH OF THE BOOKS HAD EXCELLENT, SIMPLE ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE STORIES AND SUBJECTS BEING TAUGHT, ALTHOUGH THEY ARE VERY OUTDATED BY TODAY'S STANDARDS. NONETHELESS, AIRL SEEMED TO UNDERSTAND AND ABSORB EVERY LETTER, SOUND, SYLLABLE AND MEANING AS WE PROGRESSED. WE CONTINUED THIS PROCESS FOR 14 HOURS A DAY FOR 3 CONSECUTIVE DAYS WITHOUT INTERRUPTION, EXCEPT FOR A FEW MEALS AND REST BREAKS ON MY PART.


AIRL DID NOT TAKE BREAKS FOR ANYTHING. SHE DID NOT SLEEP. INSTEAD SHE REMAINED SITTING IN THE OVERSTUFFED CHAIR IN THE INTERVIEW ROOM, REVIEWING THE LESSONS WE HAD ALREADY COVERED. WHEN I RETURNED EACH MORNING TO BEGIN WHERE WE'D LEFT OFF, SHE HAD ALREADY MEMORIZED THE PREVIOUS LESSONS AND WAS WELL INTO THE NEXT PAGES. THIS PATTERN CONTINUED TO ACCELERATE UNTIL IT BECAME POINTLESS FOR ME TO CONTINUE READING TO HER.


ALTHOUGH AIRL DID NOT HAVE A MOUTH TO SPEAK WITH, SHE WAS NOW ABLE TO "THINK" AT ME IN ENGLISH. AT THE END OF THESE LESSONS, AIRL WAS ABLE TO READ AND STUDY BY HERSELF. I SHOWED HER HOW TO USE A DICTIONARY TO LOOK UP NEW WORDS SHE ENCOUNTERED. AIRL CONSULTED THE DICTIONARY CONTINUALLY AFTER THAT. FROM THEN ON MY JOB WAS ACTING AS A COURIER FOR HER, REQUESTING THAT REFERENCE BOOKS BE BROUGHT TO HER IN A STEADY STREAM.


NEXT, MR. NEWBLE BROUGHT IN A SET OF THE ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA. 42 (FOOTNOTE) AIRL ESPECIALLY ENJOYED THIS BECAUSE IT HAD A LOT OF PICTURES. AFTER THAT, SHE REQUESTED MANY MORE PICTURE BOOKS AND REFERENCE BOOKS WITH PHOTOGRAPHS AND DRAWINGS BECAUSE IT WAS MUCH EASIER TO UNDERSTAND THE MEANING IF SHE COULD SEE A PICTURE OF THE THING SHE WAS STUDYING.


OVER THE NEXT SIX DAYS BOOKS WERE BROUGHT IN FROM LIBRARIES ALL OVER THE COUNTRY, I PRESUME, BECAUSE IT WASN'T MORE THAN A FEW MORE DAYS BEFORE SHE HAD READ THROUGH SEVERAL HUNDRED OF THEM! SHE STUDIED EVERY SUBJECT I COULD IMAGINE, AND MANY OTHER VERY TECHNICAL THINGS I NEVER WANTED TO KNOW ANYTHING ABOUT, LIKE ASTRONOMY, METALLURGY, ENGINEERING, MATHEMATICS, VARIOUS TECHNICAL MANUALS, AND SO FORTH.


LATER SHE BEGAN TO READ FICTION BOOKS, NOVELS, POETRY AND THE CLASSICS OF LITERATURE. AIRL ALSO ASKED TO READ A GREAT MANY BOOKS ON SUBJECTS IN THE HUMANITIES, ESPECIALLY HISTORY. I THINK SHE MUST HAD READ AT LEAST 50 BOOKS ABOUT HUMAN HISTORY AND ARCHAEOLOGY. OF COURSE, I MADE SURE THAT SHE RECEIVED A COPY OF THE HOLY BIBLE ALSO, WHICH SHE READ FROM COVER TO COVER WITHOUT COMMENT OR QUESTIONS.


ALTHOUGH I CONTINUED TO STAY WITH AIRL FOR 12 TO 14 HOURS EACH DAY, MOST OF THAT TIME DURING THE FOLLOWING WEEK HAD BEEN SPENT WITHOUT MUCH COMMUNICATION BETWEEN US, EXCEPT FOR AN OCCASIONAL QUESTION SHE ASKED ME. THE QUESTIONS WERE USUALLY MEANT TO GIVE HER A SENSE OF CONTEXT OR TO CLARIFY SOMETHING IN THE BOOKS SHE WAS READING.


ODDLY, AIRL TOLD ME THAT HER FAVORITE BOOKS ARE "ALICE'S ADVENTURES IN WONDERLAND" 43 (FOOTNOTE), "DON QUIXOTE DE LA MANCHA" 44 (FOOTNOTE) AND "ONE THOUSAND AND ONE NIGHTS" 45 (FOOTNOTE). SHE SAID THE AUTHORS OF THESE STORIES SHOWED THAT IT IS MORE IMPORTANT TO HAVE GREAT SPIRIT AND IMAGINATION THAN GREAT SKILL OR POWER.


I COULD NOT ANSWER A LOT OF HER QUESTIONS, SO I CONSULTED WITH THE PEOPLE IN THE OUTER ROOM FOR ANSWERS. MOST OF THESE HAD TO DO WITH TECHNICAL AND SCIENTIFIC THINGS. A FEW OF HER QUESTIONS WERE ABOUT THE HUMANITIES. THE DEPTH OF COMPLEX UNDERSTANDING AND SUBTLETY OF HER QUESTIONS SHOWED THAT SHE HAD A VERY PENETRATING INTELLECT.


PERSONALLY, I THINK SHE HAD ALREADY KNOWN A LOT MORE ABOUT THE CULTURE AND HISTORY OF EARTH THAN SHE WAS WILLING TO ADMIT WHEN WE STARTED. I WOULD SOON DISCOVER HOW MUCH MORE."


FOOTNOTES

40 "...MCGUFFEY'S ECLECTIC READERS..."
"MCGUFFEY'S ECLECTIC READERS WERE WRITTEN BY WILLIAM HOLMES MCGUFFEY WHO BEGAN TEACHING SCHOOL AT THE AGE OF 14. HE WAS A PROFESSOR OF ANCIENT LANGUAGES AT MIAMI UNIVERSITY FROM 1826 UNTIL HIS RESIGNATION IN 1836. HE THEN SERVED AS PRESIDENT OF CINCINNATI COLLEGE (1836-1839) AND OHIO UNIVERSITY (1839-1843). RETURNING TO CINCINNATI, MCGUFFEY TAUGHT AT WOODWARD COLLEGE FROM 1843 UNTIL 1845, WHEN HE BECAME A PROFESSOR OF MORAL PHILOSOPHY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA. HE WAS ORDAINED AS A PRESBYTERIAN MINISTER IN 1829.


IT WAS DURING HIS YEARS AT MIAMI WHEN MCGUFFEY WAS APPROACHED TO WRITE A SERIES OF READERS FOR SCHOOL CHILDREN. IN ADDITION TO THE WORK DONE ON THESE BY WILLIAM HOLMES MCGUFFEY, HE WAS ASSISTED BY HIS BROTHER, ALEXANDER HAMILTON MCGUFFEY, WHO ALSO COMPILED A SPELLER AND HAD SOLE RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE FIFTH READER. ALEXANDER TAUGHT SCHOOL WHILE WORKING ON HIS LAW DEGREE AND OPENED A LAW OFFICE IN CINCINNATI IN 1839. THE MCGUFFEY READERS SOLD OVER 125,000,000 COPIES.


MCGUFFEY BECAME A "ROVING" TEACHER AT THE AGE OF 14, BEGINNING WITH 48 STUDENTS IN A ONE ROOM SCHOOL IN CALCUTTA, OHIO. THE SIZE OF THE CLASS WAS JUST ONE OF SEVERAL CHALLENGES FACED BY THE YOUNG MCGUFFEY. IN MANY ONE-TEACHER SCHOOLS, CHILDREN'S AGES VARIED FROM SIX TO TWENTY-ONE. MCGUFFEY OFTEN WORKED 11 HOURS A DAY, 6 DAYS A WEEK IN A SUCCESSION OF FRONTIER SCHOOLS. HE HAD A REMARKABLE ABILITY TO MEMORIZE, AND COULD COMMIT TO MIND ENTIRE BOOKS OF THE BIBLE.


THE FIRST READER TAUGHT READING BY USING THE PHONICS METHOD, THE IDENTIFICATION OF LETTERS AND THEIR ARRANGEMENT INTO WORDS, AND AIDED WITH SLATE WORK. THE SECOND READER CAME INTO PLAY ONCE THE STUDENT COULD READ, AND HELPED THEM TO UNDERSTAND THE MEANING OF SENTENCES WHILE PROVIDING VIVID STORIES WHICH CHILDREN COULD REMEMBER. THE THIRD READER TAUGHT THE DEFINITIONS OF WORDS, AND WAS WRITTEN AT A LEVEL EQUIVALENT TO THE MODERN 5TH OR 6TH GRADE. THE FOURTH READER WAS WRITTEN FOR THE HIGHEST LEVELS OF ABILITY ON THE GRAMMAR SCHOOL LEVEL, WHICH STUDENTS COMPLETED WITH THIS BOOK.


MCGUFFEY'S READERS WERE AMONG THE FIRST TEXTBOOKS IN AMERICA THAT WERE DESIGNED TO BECOME PROGRESSIVELY MORE CHALLENGING WITH EACH VOLUME. THEY USED WORD REPETITION IN THE TEXT AS A LEARNING TOOL, WHICH BUILT STRONG READING SKILLS THROUGH CHALLENGING READING. SOUNDING-OUT, ENUNCIATION AND ACCENTS WERE EMPHASIZED. COLONIAL-ERA TEXTS HAD OFFERED DULL LISTS OF 20 TO 100 NEW WORDS PER PAGE FOR MEMORIZATION. IN CONTRAST, MCGUFFEY USED NEW VOCABULARY WORDS IN THE CONTEXT OF REAL LITERATURE, GRADUALLY INTRODUCING NEW WORDS AND CAREFULLY REPEATING THE OLD.


MCGUFFEY BELIEVED THAT TEACHERS SHOULD STUDY THE LESSONS AS WELL AS THEIR STUDENTS AND SUGGESTED THEY READ ALOUD TO THEIR CLASSES. HE ALSO LISTED QUESTIONS AFTER EACH STORY FOR HE BELIEVED IN ORDER FOR A TEACHER TO GIVE INSTRUCTION, ONE MUST ASK QUESTIONS. THE READERS EMPHASIZED SPELLING, VOCABULARY, AND FORMAL PUBLIC SPEAKING, WHICH, IN 19TH CENTURY AMERICA, WAS A MORE COMMON REQUIREMENT THAN TODAY.


HENRY FORD CITED MCGUFFEY'S READERS AS ONE OF HIS MOST IMPORTANT CHILDHOOD INFLUENCES. HE WAS AN AVID FAN OF MCGUFFEY'S READERS FIRST EDITIONS, AND CLAIMED AS AN ADULT TO BE ABLE TO QUOTE FROM MCGUFFEY'S BY MEMORY AT GREAT LENGTH. FORD REPUBLISHED ALL SIX READERS FROM THE 1857 EDITION, AND DISTRIBUTED COMPLETE SETS OF THEM, AT HIS OWN EXPENSE, TO SCHOOLS ACROSS THE UNITED STATES.


MCGUFFEY'S READERS CONTAIN MANY DEROGATORY REFERENCES TO ETHNIC AND RELIGIOUS MINORITIES. FOR EXAMPLE, NATIVE AMERICANS ARE REFERRED TO AS "SAVAGES". THERE ARE THOSE WHO REGARD THE REFERENCES IN THE BOOK TO THE JEWS AND JUDAISM AS ANTI-SEMITIC. FOR INSTANCE, IN NEIL BALDWIN'S HENRY FORD AND THE JEWS, THE AUTHOR MAKES THE CASE THAT HENRY FORD'S SELF-AVOWED ANTI-SEMITISM ORIGINATED WITH HIS STUDY OF MCGUFFEY'S AS A SCHOOLBOY.


BALDWIN CITES NUMEROUS ANTI-SEMITIC REFERENCES TO SHYLOCK AND TO JEWS ATTACKING JESUS AND PAUL. HE ALSO QUOTES THE FOURTH READER TO THE EFFECT THAT "JEWISH AUTHORS WERE INCAPABLE OF THE DICTION AND STRANGERS TO THE MORALITY CONTAINED IN THE GOSPEL." THE READERS FURTHER CHARACTERIZE JEWS AS "CHRIST KILLERS" AND LABELS THEIR REVERENCE OF THE OLD TESTAMENT AS "SUPERSTITIOUS," AND TEACH THAT JEWS HAVE BEEN REJECTED BY GOD FOR BEING "UNFAITHFUL"."


YOU MAY DOWNLOAD TEXT VERSIONS OF THE MCGUFFY'S READER FROM THE FOLLOWING WEBSITE: HTTP://WWW.GUTENBERG.ORG/ETEXT/14640


41 "... THE PHONICS METHOD ... "
"PHONICS REFERS TO AN INSTRUCTIONAL METHOD FOR TEACHING CHILDREN TO READ ENGLISH. PHONICS INVOLVES TEACHING CHILDREN TO CONNECT SOUNDS WITH LETTERS OR GROUPS OF LETTERS (E.G., THAT THE SOUND /K/ CAN BE REPRESENTED BY C, K, OR CK SPELLINGS) AND TEACHING THEM TO BLEND THE SOUNDS OF LETTERS TOGETHER TO PRODUCE APPROXIMATE PRONUNCIATIONS OF UNKNOWN WORDS."

-- REFERENCE: WIKIPEDIA.ORG


42 "... BROUGHT IN A SET OF THE ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA..." "THE ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA IS A GENERAL ENGLISH-LANGUAGE ENCYCLOPAEDIA PUBLISHED BY ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA, INC., A PRIVATELY HELD COMPANY. THE BRITANNICA HAS A POPULAR REPUTATION FOR SUMMARIZING ALL OF HUMAN KNOWLEDGE. TO FURTHER THEIR EDUCATION, MANY HAVE DEVOTED THEMSELVES TO READING THE ENTIRE BRITANNICA, TAKING ANYWHERE FROM THREE TO 22 YEARS TO DO SO. WHEN FAT'H ALI BECAME THE SHAH OF PERSIA IN 1797, HE WAS GIVEN A COMPLETE SET OF THE BRITANNICA'S 3RD EDITION, WHICH HE READ COMPLETELY; AFTER THIS FEAT, HE EXTENDED HIS ROYAL TITLE TO INCLUDE "MOST FORMIDABLE LORD AND MASTER OF THE ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA."


WRITER GEORGE BERNARD SHAW CLAIMED TO HAVE READ THE COMPLETE 9TH EDITION—EXCEPT FOR THE SCIENCE ARTICLES—AND RICHARD EVELYN BYRD TOOK THE BRITANNICA AS READING MATERIAL FOR HIS FIVE-MONTH STAY AT THE SOUTH POLE IN 1934. THE ARTICLES IN THE BRITANNICA ARE AIMED AT EDUCATED ADULT READERS, AND WRITTEN BY A STAFF OF 19 FULL-TIME EDITORS AND OVER 4,000 EXPERT CONTRIBUTORS. IT IS WIDELY PERCEIVED AS THE MOST SCHOLARLY OF ENCYCLOPAEDIAS. SINCE THE 3RD EDITION, THE BRITANNICA HAS ENJOYED A POPULAR AND CRITICAL REPUTATION FOR GENERAL EXCELLENCE. ON THE RELEASE OF THE 14TH EDITION, TIME MAGAZINE DUBBED THE BRITANNICA THE "PATRIARCH OF THE LIBRARY".


IN A RELATED ADVERTISEMENT, NATURALIST WILLIAM BEEBE WAS QUOTED AS SAYING THAT THE BRITANNICA WAS "BEYOND COMPARISON BECAUSE THERE IS NO COMPETITOR." REFERENCES TO THE BRITANNICA CAN BE FOUND THROUGHOUT ENGLISH LITERATURE, MOST NOTABLY IN ONE OF ARTHUR CONAN DOYLE'S FAVORITE SHERLOCK HOLMES STORIES, "THE RED-HEADED LEAGUE"."

-- REFERENCE: WIKIPEDIA.ORG


43 "...HER FAVORITE BOOKS WERE ALICE'S ADVENTURES IN WONDERLAND ..." "ALICE'S ADVENTURES IN WONDERLAND (1865) IS A WORK OF LITERARY NONSENSE WRITTEN BY ENGLISH AUTHOR CHARLES LUTWIDGE DODGSON UNDER THE PSEUDONYM LEWIS CARROLL, CONSIDERED A CLASSIC EXAMPLE OF THE GENRE AND OF ENGLISH LITERATURE IN GENERAL. IT TELLS THE STORY OF A GIRL NAMED ALICE WHO FALLS DOWN A RABBIT-HOLE INTO A FANTASTIC REALM POPULATED BY PECULIAR AND ANTHROPOMORPHIC CREATURES.


THE TALE IS FILLED WITH ALLUSIONS TO DODGSON'S FRIENDS (AND ENEMIES), AND TO THE LESSONS THAT BRITISH SCHOOLCHILDREN WERE EXPECTED TO MEMORIZE. THE TALE PLAYS WITH LOGIC IN WAYS THAT HAVE MADE THE STORY OF LASTING POPULARITY WITH ADULTS AS WELL AS CHILDREN. IT IS CONSIDERED TO BE ONE OF THE MOST CHARACTERISTIC EXAMPLES OF THE GENRE OF LITERARY NONSENSE, AND ITS NARRATIVE COURSE AND STRUCTURE HAS BEEN ENORMOUSLY INFLUENTIAL, MAINLY IN THE FANTASY GENRE."

-- REFERENCE: WIKIPEDIA.ORG


44 "...DON QUIXOTE DE LA MANCHA..." "AN EARLY NOVEL WRITTEN BY SPANISH AUTHOR MIGUEL DE CERVANTES SAAVEDRA. CERVANTES CREATED A FICTIONAL ORIGIN FOR THE STORY BASED UPON A MANUSCRIPT BY THE INVENTED MOORISH HISTORIAN, CIDE HAMETE BENENGELI. THE WORK WAS PUBLISHED IN TWO VOLUMES: THE FIRST IN 1605, AND THE SECOND IN 1614.

THE PROTAGONIST, ALONSO QUIXANO, IS A COUNTRY GENTLEMAN WHO HAS READ SO MANY STORIES OF CHIVALRY THAT HE DESCENDS INTO FANTASY AND BECOMES CONVINCED HE IS A KNIGHT ERRANT. TOGETHER WITH HIS EARTHY SQUIRE SANCHO PANZA, THE SELF-STYLED "DON QUIXOTE DE LA MANCHA" SETS OUT IN SEARCH OF ADVENTURE. THE "LADY" FOR WHOM QUIXOTE SEEKS TO TOIL IS DULCINEA DEL TOBOSO, AN IMAGINARY OBJECT CRAFTED FROM A NEIGHBORING FARM GIRL (HER REAL NAME IS ALDONZA LORENZO) BY THE ILLUSION-STRUCK "KNIGHT" TO BE THE OBJECT OF HIS COURTLY LOVE. "DULCINEA" IS TOTALLY UNAWARE OF QUIXOTE'S FEELINGS FOR HER, NOR DOES SHE ACTUALLY APPEAR IN THE NOVEL.


PUBLISHED IN TWO VOLUMES A DECADE APART, DON QUIXOTE IS THE MOST INFLUENTIAL WORK OF LITERATURE TO EMERGE FROM THE SPANISH GOLDEN AGE AND PERHAPS THE ENTIRE SPANISH LITERARY CANON. AS A FOUNDING WORK OF MODERN WESTERN LITERATURE, IT REGULARLY APPEARS AT OR NEAR THE TOP OF LISTS OF THE GREATEST WORKS OF FICTION EVER PUBLISHED AND IS THE BEST-SELLING NON-RELIGIOUS, NON-POLITICAL WORK OF FICTION OF ALL TIME."
-- REFERENCE: WIKIPEDIA.ORG


45 "...ONE THOUSAND AND ONE NIGHTS... "
"ONE THOUSAND AND ONE NIGHTS (ARABIC: كتاب ألف ليلة وليلة - KITAB 'ALF LAYLAH WA-LAYLAH; PERSIAN: هزار و یک شب - EZAR-O YAK SAB) IS A COLLECTION OF STORIES COLLECTED OVER THOUSANDS OF YEARS BY VARIOUS AUTHORS, TRANSLATORS AND SCHOLARS IN VARIOUS COUNTRIES. THESE COLLECTIONS OF TALES TRACE THEIR ROOTS BACK TO ANCIENT ARABIA AND YEMEN, ANCIENT INDIA, ANCIENT PERSIA (ESPECIALLY THE SASSANID HAZAR AFSAN PERSIAN: هزار افسان , LIT. THOUSAND TALES), ANCIENT EGYPT, ANCIENT MESOPOTAMIAN MYTHOLOGY, ANCIENT SYRIA, AND MEDIEVAL ARABIC FOLK STORIES FROM THE CALIPHATE ERA. THOUGH AN ORIGINAL MANUSCRIPT HAS NEVER BEEN FOUND SEVERAL VERSIONS DATE THE COLLECTION'S GENESIS TO SOMEWHERE BETWEEN AD 800-900.


THE MAIN FRAME STORY CONCERNS A PERSIAN KING AND HIS NEW BRIDE. THE KING, SHAHRYAR, UPON DISCOVERING HIS FORMER WIFE'S INFIDELITY HAS HER EXECUTED AND THEN DECLARES ALL WOMEN TO BE UNFAITHFUL. HE BEGINS TO MARRY A SUCCESSION OF VIRGINS ONLY TO EXECUTE EACH ONE THE NEXT MORNING. EVENTUALLY THE VIZIER CANNOT FIND ANY MORE VIRGINS. SCHEHERAZADE, THE VIZIER'S DAUGHTER, OFFERS HERSELF AS THE NEXT BRIDE AND HER FATHER RELUCTANTLY AGREES. ON THE NIGHT OF THEIR MARRIAGE, SCHEHERAZADE TELLS THE KING A TALE, BUT DOES NOT END IT. THE KING IS THUS FORCED TO KEEP HER ALIVE IN ORDER TO HEAR THE CONCLUSION. THE NEXT NIGHT, AS SOON AS SHE FINISHES THE TALE, SHE BEGINS (AND ONLY BEGINS) ANOTHER. SO IT GOES FOR 1,001 NIGHTS.


THE TALES VARY WIDELY: THEY INCLUDE HISTORICAL TALES, LOVE STORIES, TRAGEDIES, COMEDIES, POEMS, BURLESQUES, VARIOUS FORMS OF EROTICA, AND MUSLIM RELIGIOUS LEGENDS. NUMEROUS STORIES DEPICT DJINN, MAGICIANS, AND LEGENDARY PLACES, WHICH ARE OFTEN INTERMINGLED WITH REAL PEOPLE AND GEOGRAPHY; THE HISTORICAL CALIPH HARUN AL-RASHID IS A COMMON PROTAGONIST, AS ARE HIS ALLEGED COURT POET ABU NUWAS AND HIS VIZIER, JA'FAR AL-BARMAKI. SOMETIMES A CHARACTER IN SCHEHERAZADE'S TALE WILL BEGIN TELLING OTHER CHARACTERS A STORY OF HIS OWN, AND THAT STORY MAY HAVE ANOTHER ONE TOLD WITHIN IT, RESULTING IN A RICHLY-LAYERED NARRATIVE TEXTURE.


THE DIFFERENT VERSIONS HAVE DIFFERENT INDIVIDUALLY DETAILED ENDINGS (IN SOME SCHEHERAZADE ASKS FOR A PARDON, IN SOME THE KING SEES THEIR CHILDREN AND DECIDES NOT TO EXECUTE HIS WIFE, IN SOME OTHER THINGS HAPPEN THAT MAKE THE KING DISTRACTED) BUT THEY ALL END WITH THE KING GIVING HIS WIFE A PARDON AND SPARING HER LIFE.


THE NARRATOR'S STANDARDS FOR WHAT CONSTITUTES A CLIFFHANGER SEEM BROADER THAN IN MODERN LITERATURE. WHILE IN MANY CASES A STORY IS CUT OFF WITH THE HERO IN DANGER OF LOSING HIS LIFE OR ANOTHER KIND OF DEEP TROUBLE, IN SOME PARTS OF THE FULL TEXT SCHEHERAZADE STOPS HER NARRATION IN THE MIDDLE OF AN EXPOSITION OF ABSTRACT PHILOSOPHICAL PRINCIPLES OR COMPLEX POINTS OF ISLAMIC PHILOSOPHY, AND IN ONE CASE DURING A DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF HUMAN ANATOMY ACCORDING TO GALEN—AND IN ALL THESE CASES TURNS OUT TO BE JUSTIFIED IN HER BELIEF THAT THE KING'S CURIOSITY ABOUT THE SEQUEL WOULD BUY HER ANOTHER DAY OF LIFE.


THE INDIAN FOLKLORE IS REPRESENTED BY CERTAIN ANIMAL STORIES, WHICH REFLECT INFLUENCE FROM ANCIENT SANSKRIT FABLES. THE JATAKA IS A COLLECTION OF 547 STORIES, WHICH ARE FOR THE MOST PART MORAL STORIES WITH AN ETHICAL PURPOSE. THE TALE OF THE BULL AND THE ASS AND THE LINKED TALE OF THE MERCHANT AND HIS WIFE ARE FOUND IN THE FRAME STORIES OF BOTH THE JATAKA AND THE ARABIAN NIGHTS."
-- REFERENCE: WIKIPEDIA.ORG

BACK TO CONTENTS


◯